Comparing Nonopioids Versus Opioids for Acute Pain in the Emergency Department: A Literature Review Background: Pain is the most common reason for patient visits in the emergency department (ED). Opioids have been long considered the standard of care for acute pain in the ED. Because of the opioid crisis, investigation and implementation of novel practices to manage pain is needed. The use of various nonopioids has been suggested as a plausible alternative to opioids, with emerging literature to support its use for acute pain in the ED. Study Question: To evaluate the safety, efficacy, opioid-sparing effects of nonopioids in patients who present with acute pain in the ED. Data Sources: We systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE (July 1970 to January 2019). Study Design: Randomized controlled trials that evaluated nonopioids versus opioids in the ED were eligible. The clinical outcomes measured were change in pain scores compared with baseline, the incidence of adverse events, and use of rescue analgesia. Results: Twenty-five randomized controlled trials that evaluated the use of nonopioids in 2323 patients [acetaminophen (APAP) (n = 651), diclofenac (n = 547), ketamine (n = 272), ketorolac (n = 225), lidocaine (n = 219), ibuprofen (n = 162), ibuprofen & APAP (n = 162), hydroxyzine & dihydroergotamine (n = 85)] met inclusion criteria. Four trials found significant greater reductions in pain scores, favoring nonopioids. In all trials, the duration of pain relief provided by nonopioids was not sustained over an extended period. Eighteen trials reported no significant differences in reduction of pain scores. Two trials reported improved pain reduction with opioids and one trial reported noninferiority. Conclusions: Evidence from primary literature suggests that nonopioids could be a feasible alternative to opioids for management of acute pain in the ED as it is effective, safe, and decreases the need for rescue analgesia. Address for correspondence: Assistant Director of Pharmacy, Mount Sinai Queens, Long Island City, Queens NY, 25–10 30th Avenue, Long Island City, NY 11102. E-mail: billy.sin@mountsinai.org The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site (www.americantherapeutics.com). Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Acetazolamide-Associated Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome No abstract available

Carfilzomib-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension No abstract available

Inappropriate Use of Aztreonam Background: Aztreonam is not a preferred empiric antibiotic because of variable susceptibilities compared with alternative agents. In addition, it has no Gram-positive activity, necessitating coadministration with vancomycin when used empirically, and is more costly when compared with other Gram-negative active agents. Aztreonam is often given to patients with a reported penicillin allergy without further investigation into the reaction or other relevant allergy information. Study Question: How frequently is aztreonam being used inappropriately? Study Design: We conducted a retrospective chart review at an academic medical center to assess the appropriateness of our aztreonam use. Measures and Outcomes: Our primary outcome was frequency of appropriate aztreonam use, based on a true IgE-mediated allergy reported for each patient. We evaluated whether the patients had tolerated a beta-lactam in the past, and what the reported allergic reaction was. Results: We included 165 patients and found that 46.7% of our aztreonam use was inappropriate, based on previous use of a beta-lactam, or no documentation of an IgE-mediated response. Of the patients with a documented beta-lactam allergy, 63 (38.2%) patients had no allergy manifestation listed, and 37 (22.4%) patients had a non–IgE-mediated allergy manifestation. Of the total population, 61 (37%) patients had tolerated a beta-lactam in the past. Conclusions: Aztreonam should be avoided, except in the case of a true IgE-mediated allergic reaction. Our goal was to reduce the inappropriate use of aztreonam at our institution by one or more of the following: educating providers, reviewing aztreonam orders, requiring answering of order questions, or requiring an indication for use. Penicillin skin testing and desensitization are options as well. Address for correspondence: 600 S 43rd Street, 108T, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: mking3509@gmail.com L. Rose is on the speakers' bureau for Allergan. M. King is on the speakers' bureau for Tetraphase. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hundred Years of Insulin Therapy: Purified Early Insulins Background: The discovery of insulin has changed dramatically the outcome of patients with type 1 diabetes, giving them the possibility to survive. This is of particular concern due to the fact that type 1 diabetes most frequently occurs in children who were destined to die in ketoacidosis coma. Areas of Uncertainty: From insulin discovery to the availability of human insulin and human insulin analogs to be used in diabetes therapy, a series of problems have arisen as the difficulty of insulin purifications, the animal insulin used by the first researches were in fact contaminated by proteins, fats, and other impurities, and the presence of side effects such as allergy, antibodies generation, and lipoatrophy. Data Source Literature: Data strictly related to the argument have been searched in Pub Med and used. Results: Starting from insulin discovery in 1921 to nowadays, significant efforts have been made by a series of researches to purify animal insulin, discover the molecular structure of human insulin, and develop methods to synthetize human insulin and then insulin analogs. Conclusions: The history of insulin discovery here reported is fascinating; insulin is a hormone, a product of biotechnology, a field of research that saved and save the life of many diabetic patients. Address for correspondence: E-mail: annunziata.lapolla@unipd.it The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Examining the Causes and Consequences of Increasing Insulin Costs With Prospective Interventions No abstract available

Paliperidone-Associated Priapism in an Autistic Child No abstract available

Cefepime-Associated Myoclonic Seizures No abstract available

Angioedema in an Immunocompromised Patient No abstract available

Insulin Therapy and Diabetic Pregnancy Background: A good metabolic control before conception and throughout pregnancy with diabetes decreases the risk of short- and long-term adverse outcomes of the mothers and their offsprings. Insulin treatment remains the gold standard treatment recommended for any type of diabetes. New technologies including new insulins and insulin analogues, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion without and with sensors, the low-glucose predictive suspension function, and closed-loop systems that persistently and automatically self-adjust according to patients' continuous glucose monitoring readings have expanded the offer to clinicians for achieving tight glucose control. Areas of Uncertainty: Unsafe effects of insulin and insulin analogues in pregnancy with diabetes could be linked with changes in insulin immunogenicity, teratogenicity, and mitogenicity. Second-generation insulin analogues need to be tested and proven. Effectiveness and safety of new insulin delivery systems in real life of diabetic women in pregnancy need further confirmations. Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, randomized controlled trials, systematic review and meta-analysis, observational prospective and retrospective studies, case series reports for the most recent insulin analogues, published in English impacted journals, and consensus statements from scientific societies I excluded 60 from 221 papers as not suitable for the purpose of the subject. Results: Subcutaneous insulin infusion can be safely used during pregnancy and delivery of well-trained women. Sensors are increasingly accurate tools that improve the efficacy and safety of integrated systems' functioning. Continuous glucose monitoring provides metrics (“time in range” time in “hypoglycemia” and in “hyperglycemia,” glucose variability, average glucose levels in different time intervals) used as a guide to diabetes management; these new metrics are object of discussion in special populations. Randomized controlled trials have shown that sensor-augmented pump therapy improves pregnancy outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes. Closed-loop insulin delivery provides better glycemic control than sensor-augmented pump therapy during pregnancy, before, and after delivery. Conclusion: Second-generation insulin analogues and newer insulin infusion systems that automatically self-adjust according to patients continuous glucose monitor readings are important tools improving the treatment and quality of life of these women. Multi-institutional and disciplinary teams are working to develop and evaluate a pregnancy-specific artificial pancreas. Address for correspondence: Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psycology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, via di Grottarossa, 1035, CAP 00189, Rome, Italy. E-mail: angela.napoli@uniroma1.it Grant from Medtronic to “Clinical and Molecular Department” of “Sapienza” University, Rome. The author has no conflicts of interest to declare. Clinical Trials Identifier: NCT03761615. Copyright © 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.