I’m Trying to Find my Way of Staying Organized: the Socio-Technical Assemblages of Personal Health Information Management Abstract Personal health information management (PHIM) is a broad endeavor that requires the patient to navigate many different types of information. Including patients performing a variety of tasks and roles to make information useful. I ask the question: what practices constitute a patient’s personal health information management socio-technical assemblage? By doing this I am interested in understanding how PHIM is an assemblage of different actors, tools, technologies, information, and materialities that form a heterogeneous network to motivate the patient’s health maintenance and wellbeing. I describe information practices, planning and sense making practices that patients engage to begin to define this assemblage, and the social actors and materialities that manifest and stabilize. Then, I discuss three key commitments learned from this approach, namely: the personal aspect of PHIM, the role of physical and digital materials on PHIM, and the role of information practice materialities.

Aligning Concerns in Telecare: Three Concepts to Guide the Design of Patient-Centred E-Health Abstract The design of patient-centred e-health services embodies an inherent tension between the concerns of clinicians and those of patients. Clinicians’ concerns are related to professional issues to do with diagnosing and curing disease in accordance with accepted medical standards. In contrast, patients’ concerns typically relate to personal experience and quality of life issues. It is about their identity, their hopes, their fears and their need to maintain a meaningful life. This divergence of concerns presents a fundamental challenge for designers of patient-centred e-health services. We explore this challenge in the context of chronic illness and telecare. Based on insights from medical phenomenology as well as our own experience with designing an e-health service for patients with chronic heart disease, we emphasise the importance – and difficulty – of aligning the concerns of patients and clinicians. To deal with this, we propose a set of concepts for analysing concerns related to the design of e-health services: A concern is (1) meaningful if it is relevant and makes sense to both patients and clinicians, (2) actionable if clinicians or patients – at least in principle – are able to take appropriate action to deal with it, and (3) feasible if it is easy and convenient to do so within the organisational and social context. We conclude with a call for a more participatory and iterative approach to the design of patient-centred e-health services.

Personal Health Records and Patient-Oriented Infrastructures: Building Technology, Shaping (New) Patients, and Healthcare Practitioners

Between Personal and Common: the Design of Hybrid Information Spaces Abstract This paper addresses the design of hybrid information spaces supporting patients and healthcare providers to have information in common and also, patients to manage privately personal health information. We studied efforts to develop such information spaces by following the design of two Personal Health Record applications and focusing particularly on design tensions that relate to their hybrid role. We identified and grouped tensions along three key themes: control allocation, content origination and user environment localization. For the resolution of tensions, functionality-related decisions were taken by professional design teams during the early design phases. These included the introduction of functionality that enables end-users to create regions with custom characteristics and dynamically adjust the regional boundaries. Delegating to end-users some of the regionalization work entailed in the design of such hybrid spaces points to a design strategy of providing generic enabling environments instead of configuring solutions “a priori” by designers that are external to use settings. Prior research on Personal Health Records mostly emphasizes the challenges of bridging patient and provider perspectives, in our research we shift attention to enabling hybridity and to the roles of designers and end-users for regionalization.

Simulations at Work —a Framework for Configuring Simulation Fidelity with Training Objectives Abstract This study aims to provide framework for considering fidelity in the design of simulator training. Simulator fidelity is often characterised as the level of physical and visual similarity with real work settings, and the importance of simulator fidelity in the creation of learning activities has been extensively debated. Based on a selected literature review and fieldwork on ship simulator training, this study provides a conceptual framework for fidelity requirements in simulator training. This framework is applied to an empirical example from a case of ship simulator training. The study identifies three types of simulator fidelity that might be useful from a trainer’s perspective. By introducing a framework of technical, psychological and interactional fidelity and linking these concepts to different levels of training and targeted learning outcomes, the study demonstrates how the fidelity of the simulation relates to the level of expertise targeted in training. The framework adds to the body of knowledge on simulator training by providing guidelines for the different ways in which simulators can increase professional expertise, without separating the learning activity from cooperative work performance.

Crowd Dynamics: Conflicts, Contradictions, and Community in Crowdsourcing

Rating Working Conditions on Digital Labor Platforms Abstract The relations between technology, work organization, worker power, workers’ rights, and workers’ experience of work have long been central concerns of CSCW. European CSCW research, especially, has a tradition of close collaboration with workers and trade unionists in which researchers aim to develop technologies and work processes that increase workplace democracy. This paper contributes a practitioner perspective on this theme in a new context: the (sometimes global) labor markets enabled by digital labor platforms. Specifically, the paper describes a method for rating working conditions on digital labor platforms (e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk, Uber) developed within a trade union setting. Preliminary results have been made public on a website that is referred to by workers, platform operators, journalists, researchers, and policy makers. This paper describes this technical project in the context of broader cross-sectoral efforts to safeguard worker rights and build worker power in digital labor platforms. Not a traditional research paper, this article instead takes the form of a case study documenting the process of incorporating a human-centered computing perspective into contemporary trade union activities and communicating a practitioner’s perspective on how CSCW research and computational artifacts can come to matter outside of the academy. The paper shows how practical applications can benefit from the work of CSCW researchers, while illustrating some practical constraints of the trade union context. The paper also offers some practical contributions for researchers studying digital platform workers’ experiences and rights: the artifacts and processes developed in the course of the work.

The Evolution of Power and Standard Wikidata Editors: Comparing Editing Behavior over Time to Predict Lifespan and Volume of Edits Abstract Knowledge bases are becoming a key asset leveraged for various types of applications on the Web, from search engines presenting ‘entity cards’ as the result of a query, to the use of structured data of knowledge bases to empower virtual personal assistants. Wikidata is an open general-interest knowledge base that is collaboratively developed and maintained by a community of thousands of volunteers. One of the major challenges faced in such a crowdsourcing project is to attain a high level of editor engagement. In order to intervene and encourage editors to be more committed to editing Wikidata, it is important to be able to predict at an early stage, whether an editor will or not become an engaged editor. In this paper, we investigate this problem and study the evolution that editors with different levels of engagement exhibit in their editing behaviour over time. We measure an editor’s engagement in terms of (i) the volume of edits provided by the editor and (ii) their lifespan (i.e. the length of time for which an editor is present at Wikidata). The large-scale longitudinal data analysis that we perform covers Wikidata edits over almost 4 years. We monitor evolution in a session-by-session- and monthly-basis, observing the way the participation, the volume and the diversity of edits done by Wikidata editors change. Using the findings in our exploratory analysis, we define and implement prediction models that use the multiple evolution indicators.

Examining Community Dynamics of Civic Crowdfunding Participation Abstract Over the past decade, crowdfunding has emerged as a legitimate, albeit niche, resource for public service delivery. Predicated on utilizing the resources of the crowd to address public issues, civic crowdfunding has the potential to offer citizens a greater role in service delivery and community development. This study investigates community dynamics and their potential impact on project success in jurisdictions proposing civic crowdfunding proposals. The results highlight the dynamics and characteristics of communities where project proposals are likely to find funding success. The results further highlight several potential opportunities for future research to better understand how and why these projects truly work.

Investigating the Amazon Mechanical Turk Market Through Tool Design Abstract We developed TurkBench to better understand the work of crowdworkers on the Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) marketplace. While we aimed to reduce the amount of invisible, unpaid work that these crowdworkers performed, we also probed the day-to-day practices of crowdworkers. Through this probe we encountered a number of previously unreported difficulties that are representative of the difficulties that crowdworkers face in both building their own tools and working on AMT. In this article, our contributions are insights into 1) a number of breakdowns that are occurring on AMT and 2) how the AMT platform is being appropriated in ways that, at the same time, mitigate some breakdowns while exacerbating others. The breakdowns that we specifically discuss in this paper, are the increasing velocity of the market (good HITs are grabbed within seconds), the high amount of flexibility that requesters can and do exercise in specifying their HITs, and the difficulty crowdworkers had in navigating the market due to the large amount of variation in how HITs were constructed by requesters. When the velocity of the market is combined with a poor search interface, a large amount in variation in how HITs are constructed, and little infrastructural support for workers, the resulting work environment can be frustrating and difficult to thrive in.