Abstract Sexually signalling animals must trade off the benefits of attracting mates with the consequences of attracting predators. For male guppies, predation risk depends on their behaviour, colouration, environmental conditions and changing intensity of predation throughout the day. Theoretically, this drives diel patterns of display behaviour in native Trinidadian populations, where males display more under low-light conditions when their most dangerous...
Fri Nov 22, 2019 02:00
Abstract Knowledge of proximate (causation and development) and ultimate (evolution and survival function) causes of gregariousness is necessary to advance our knowledge of animal societies. Delphinids are among the most social taxa; however, fine-scale understanding of their intra-specific relationships is hindered by the need for underwater observations on individuals. We developed a non-invasive animal-borne camera system with the goal of examining...
Fri Nov 22, 2019 02:00
Abstract Within the optimal foraging theory framework, parasitoids constitute ideal models to elucidate combined physiological and environmental determinism of foraging behavior between current and future fitness gains. Parasitoid females need hosts to lay eggs for their reproduction (immediate gain), but also sugar food resources for their survival (future gain). According to theoretical models and previous empirical studies, fed females should favor...
Fri Nov 22, 2019 02:00
Abstract This manuscript considers the transmission dynamics of lymphatic filariasis with some intervention strategies in place. Unlike previously developed models, our model takes into account both the exposed and infected classes in both the human and mosquito populations, respectively. We also consider vaccinated, treated and recovered humans in the presented model. The global dynamics of the proposed model are completely determined by the basic (\({\mathcal {R}}_0\)) and effective...
Fri Nov 22, 2019 02:00
Abstract Recovery is the guiding vision of mental health systems and policy. However, skepticism has emerged about whether the paradigm can achieve its sought goals. We argue that embedding recovery within a quality improvement framework, such as the Triple Aim, would increase leverage for systems change and advance recovery practice. The Triple Aim’s goals of improving healthcare outcomes, quality, and costs are pertinent to mental health systems, although action is also needed...
Thu Nov 21, 2019 02:00
Abstract Animal vocalizations experience pressures from ecological conditions, but their diversification may be constrained by morphology and evolutionary history. To date, the relative contribution of these factors to acoustic diversity is unclear in most vertebrate groups. Bats constitute one of the most speciose and diverse mammal groups, and most bat species rely on vocalizations for orientation, foraging, and communication. Here, we examine echolocation...
Thu Nov 21, 2019 02:00
Abstract Stealing prey items from other animals entails obvious benefits for the thief. However, this so-called kleptoparasitic behavior can also involve costs including injury or even death, especially when stealing from a potential predator. Here, we examined how kleptoparasitic hover wasps (Parischnogaster sp.) that steal prey items out of spider webs handle the risk of falling prey to their hosts. We tested the wasps’ ability to evade different webs...
Thu Nov 21, 2019 02:00
Abstract Identifying and understanding patterns in movement data are amongst the principal aims of movement ecology. By quantifying the similarity of movement trajectories, inferences can be made about diverse processes, ranging from individual specialisation to the ontogeny of foraging strategies. Movement analysis is not unique to ecology however, and methods for estimating the similarity of movement trajectories have been developed in other fields...
Thu Nov 21, 2019 02:00
Abstract Waterholes are critically important to animal survival in dry habitats but are also a potential source of parasite exposure. Avoiding feces may effectively reduce parasite transmission risk, but may also impose costs, including greater travel distances to locate less contaminated resources. We studied factors influencing wild, water-dependent red-fronted lemurs’ (Eulemur rufifrons) selection of waterholes, including factors related to trade-offs...
Thu Nov 21, 2019 02:00
Abstract Animal and human studies suggest that parenting style is transmitted from one generation to the next. The hypotheses of this study were that (1) a mother’s rearing experiences (G1) would predict her own parenting resources (G2) and (2) current maternal mood, motivation to care for her offspring, and relationship with her parents would underlie this association. In a subsample of 201 first-time mothers participating in the longitudinal Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability...
Wed Nov 20, 2019 02:00
Abstract Objectives Although many societies endorse objectivity in moral judgment and punishment, humans are frequently influenced by deep-rooted biases, such that superficially irrelevant factors can influence moral judgment and decision making. Hunger is a fundamental source of motivation and is known to redirect behavior in other domains. The present research aims to test whether hunger influences moral judgments and punishments. ...
Tue Nov 19, 2019 02:00
Abstract Members (behaviors) of a response class are equivalent in that they produce the same functional reinforcer. Oftentimes, some members of a response class occur at higher rates than others. This can be problematic when the members that occur at high rates are socially inappropriate (e.g., self-injury, aggression, or disruption). The participant in this study was a 16-year-old female diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder who demonstrated aggression, one-word mands, and...
Tue Nov 19, 2019 02:00
Abstract The impact of initiatives aimed at reducing time in untreated psychosis during early-stage schizophrenia will be unknown for many years. Thus, we simulate the effect of earlier treatment entry and better antipsychotic drug adherence on schizophrenia-related hospitalizations, receipt of disability benefits, competitive employment, and independent/family living over a ten-year horizon. We predict that earlier treatment entry reduces hospitalizations by 12.6–14.4% and benefit...
Tue Nov 19, 2019 02:00
Abstract Intra-species contests are common in the animal kingdom and can have fitness consequences. Most research on what predicts contest outcome focuses on morphology, although differences in personality and cognition may also be involved. Supporting this, more proactive individuals often have dominant status, although the causality of this relationship is rarely investigated. Contest initiators often win; thus, individuals that are more proactive...
Tue Nov 19, 2019 02:00
Singing behind the stage: thrush nightingales produce more variable songs on their wintering grounds
Abstract The songs of migratory passerine birds have a key role in mate attraction and territory defence during the breeding season. Many species also sing on their wintering grounds, but the function of this behaviour remains unclear. One possible explanation, proposed by the song improvement hypothesis, is that the birds take advantage of this period to develop their singing skills for the next breeding season. If so, non-breeding songs should reflect...
Tue Nov 19, 2019 02:00
Abstract Cuckoos (Cuculus spp.) parasitize the nest of many host birds; however, it is not clear why some potential hosts that occupy the same area as cuckoos are rarely or not used as hosts. Potential hosts might adopt a variety of strategies to defend against cuckoo parasitism, such as attacking adult cuckoos to keep them away from the nest, rejecting cuckoo eggs, or recognizing and refusing to feed cuckoo nestlings. We investigated the strategies...
Tue Nov 19, 2019 02:00
Abstract When approached by a predator, foraging animals should adjust escape behavior based on their current energetic status to minimize opportunity costs (foraging time) and maximize the chance of escape. Animals should therefore be more reluctant to leave a foraging patch when their energy reserves are low and should flee using low-energy escape tactics, but be quicker to flee and use the best escape tactic when satiated. Nectarivorous birds have...
Tue Nov 19, 2019 02:00
Brood parasitic nestlings benefit from unusual host defenses against botfly larvae ( Philornis spp.)
Abstract Brood parasitic birds lay their eggs into the nests of other birds, abandoning parental care of their nestlings to the unsuspecting hosts. Parasite and host nestlings may themselves be parasitized by botfly larvae (Philornis: Muscidae), which burrow under the nestlings’ skin and can seriously affect growth and survival. Here, we provide the first direct evidence that adult baywings (Agelaioides badius), the primary host of the specialist brood...
Mon Nov 18, 2019 02:00
Abstract Prey species must balance the energetic cost of locomotion, foraging effort, and predation risk. In our work, we assessed how the wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) balance these costs by manipulating food access difficulty and predation risk. Live trapping was conducted in Madrid (Spain) where 80 Sherman traps were set in four different plots. To assess how wood mice manage their energy budget, all traps were first subjected to a control period...
Mon Nov 18, 2019 02:00
Abstract Fairness is undoubtedly an essential normative concept in humans and promotes cooperation in human societies. The fact that fairness exists is puzzling, however, because it works against the short-term interest of individuals. Theories of genetic evolution, cultural evolution, and gene-culture coevolution identify plausible mechanisms for the evolution of fairness in humans. Such mechanisms include kin selection, the support of group-beneficial moral norms through ethnic...
Fri Nov 15, 2019 02:00
Abstract Social support networks play a key role in human livelihood security, especially in vulnerable communities. Here we explore how evolutionary ideas of kin selection and intrahousehold resource competition can explain individual variation in daily support network size and composition in a south-central Ethiopian agricultural community. We consider both domestic and agricultural help across two generations with different wealth-transfer norms that yield different contexts...
Fri Nov 15, 2019 02:00
Abstract Drawing upon the National Survey of Children with Special Healthcare Needs (2009/2010), multilevel logistic regression analysis assessed the relationship between parent report of a youth having an emotional, behavioral, or developmental problem (EBDP), their level of reported functional limitations, and parents’ report of unmet mental health care needs and experience with cost-barriers to accessing needed healthcare services. Results indicate that, compared to all privately...
Thu Nov 14, 2019 02:00
Abstract Use of evidence to inform clinical decisions has been shown to improve the quality and effectiveness of services. This study piloted an observational coding system for understanding providers and supervisors’ use of evidence in their clinical decision-making. The Action Cycle and Use of Evidence Behavioral Observation Coding System (ACE-BOCS) is based on Graham et al. (Contin Educ Health Prof 26:13–24, 2006) conceptual framework for knowledge management, which articulates...
Thu Nov 14, 2019 02:00
Dependence to prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs represents an increasing public health and clinical problem both in England and internationally. However, relatively little is known about those affe...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Abstract This study explored mental health professionals’ perceptions about barriers and facilitators to engaging underserved populations. Responses were coded using an iterative thematic analysis based on grounded theory. Results revealed that many professionals endorsed barriers to engaging ethnic minorities and families receiving social services. Client-provider racial and linguistic matching, therapy processes and procedures (e.g., nonjudgmental stance), and implementation...
Wed Nov 13, 2019 02:00
Abstract Therapist discontinuation of delivering an evidence-based practice (EBP) is a critical outcome in the community implementation of EBPs. This mixed methods study examined factors associated with therapist discontinuation within a large reimbursement-driven implementation of multiple EBPs in public children’s mental health services. The study integrated quantitative survey data from 748 therapists across 65 agencies, and qualitative interviews from a subset of 79 therapists...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Abstract The Jalālī (or Malikī) Calendar is well known to Iranian and Western researchers. It was established by the order of Sulṭān Jalāl al-Dīn Malikshāh-i Saljūqī in the 5th c. A.H. (The dates which are designated with A.H. indicate the Hijrī Calendar.)/11th c. A.D. in Isfahan. After the death of Yazdigird III (the last king of the Sassanid dynasty), the Yazdigirdī Calendar, as a solar one, gradually lost its position, and the Hijrī Calendar replaced it. After the rise of Islam,...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Abstract G. E. Moore famously pointed out that all sincere assertions of the form ‘p, but I don’t believe that p’ are inherently absurd. John Turri strongly disagrees with the consensus evaluation of such assertions as inherently absurd and offers a counterexample according to which it is possible to say ‘Eliminativism is true, but of course I don’t believe it’s true’ sincerely and without any absurdity. I argue in this paper that Turri’s attempt misses the point entirely, for...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Abstract The paper connects two central ethical views, both with a rich tradition, sentimentalism and contractualism. From the former, it also borrows the response-dependentist metaphysics. The idea of combining the two has been sketched before, but not systematically and explicitly; for instance, in various comments on classical authors, especially on Kant and elsewhere, most prominently in Habermas. Here is the kernel of the present proposal. Our initial practical intuitions...
Mon Nov 11, 2019 12:22
Abstract The paper focuses on the nature and moral status of manipulation. I analyse a popular account of manipulation by Robert Noggle and assess a challenge that has been posed by Moti Gorin. I argue that Noggle’s theory can fend off the challenge. The analysis is instructive in that it enables one to look more closely at the nature of manipulation. I argue, contrary to some proposed accounts, that manipulation essentially involves deception about the manipulator’s intentions....
Mon Nov 11, 2019 12:22
Abstract Most epistemologists maintain that true beliefs are of final epistemic value. However, Richard Feldman is a rare philosopher who is skeptical that true beliefs are of final epistemic value. The aim of this paper is to evaluate Feldman’s criticisms. I’ll argue that Feldman’s arguments ultimately turn on a view about the relation between epistemic duties and epistemic value that is implausible and underdeveloped.
Mon Nov 11, 2019 12:22
Abstract When we disagree with each other at the beginning of a debate, we are confident that we are right and the other side is just wrong (More discussions on moral disagreement can be seen at Rowland in Philosophy Compass 12(2), 2017). But at the end of the debate, we could be persuaded that we are wrong and the other side is right. This happens a lot when we disagree on empirical or factual claims. However, when we disagree with each other on moral issues, it is quite rare...
Mon Nov 11, 2019 12:22
Abstract In this paper, I take it for granted both that there are two types of blameworthiness—accountability blameworthiness and attributability blameworthiness—and that avoidability is necessary only for the former. My task, then, is to explain why avoidability is necessary for accountability blameworthiness but not for attributability blameworthiness. I argue that what explains this is both the fact that these two types of blameworthiness make different sorts of reactive attitudes...
Mon Nov 11, 2019 12:22
Abstract Michael Smith attempts to solve the moral problem by arguing that our moral beliefs constitute a rational constraint on our desires. In particular, Smith defends the ‘practicality requirement’, which says that rational agents who believe that an action is right must have some desire to perform that action. We clarify and examine Smith’s argument. We argue that, for the argument to be sound, it must make two crucial assumptions about the rational agent in question: (a)...
Mon Nov 11, 2019 12:22
Abstract Huw Price’s neo-pragmatist programme of global expressivism (see Huw Price Naturalism Without Mirrors (2011) and Expressivism, Pragmatism and Representationalism (2013)) faces a challenge—it is susceptible to the charge that the proposed combination of expressivism with a deflationary account of semantics leads to inconsistency. Expressivists about a particular discourse deny that it is representational. Global expressivists face the threat of inconsistency due to their...
Mon Nov 11, 2019 12:22
Abstract The most compelling arguments for ethical veganism hinge on premise-pairs linking the serious wrongness of factory farming to that of buying its products: one premise claiming that buying those products stands in a certain relation to factory farming itself, and one claiming that entering into that relation with a seriously wrong practice is itself wrong. I argue that all such “linkage arguments” on offer fail, granting the serious wrongness of factory farming. Each...
Mon Nov 11, 2019 12:22
Abstract Many philosophers have offered arguments in favor of the following three theses: (i) A is epistemically permitted (or required) to believe P only if A is in a position to know that P, (ii) incoherent agents fail to satisfy the aforementioned knowledge norm of belief, and (iii) A’s apparent reasons are relevant to determining what A is blameworthy for believing. In this paper, I argue that the above three theses are jointly inconsistent. The main upshot of the paper is...
Mon Nov 11, 2019 12:22
Résumé Dans deux articles publiés en 1869 et 1878, Leopold Kronecker construit une théorie qui prend sa source dans le travail de Sturm sur la détermination du nombre de solutions réelles d’une équation. La présentation de cette théorie des caractéristiques par Émile Picard va donner lieu à une controverse entre les deux mathématiciens sur la paternité d’une formule donnant le nombre de solutions de certains systèmes de plusieurs équations. Après avoir donné un aperçu de la théorie...
Sat Nov 09, 2019 02:00
Abstract As implementation of recovery-oriented practices has proven difficult, this study investigates whether a participatory-inspired approach to implementing and adjusting a recovery-oriented model, RENEW-DK, might facilitate a more recovery-oriented practice among the professionals in public sector services. Ten narrative interviews with professionals was analyzed from a Science and Technology Studies perspective, and special attention was devoted to the concepts of distortion...
Sat Nov 09, 2019 02:00
Abstract This study examined the psychometric properties and feasibility of the Illness Management and Recovery (IMR) Fidelity scale. Despite widespread use of the scale, the psychometric properties have received limited attention. Trained fidelity assessors conducted assessments four times over 18 months at 11 sites implementing IMR. The IMR Fidelity scale showed excellent interrater reliability (.99), interrater item agreement (94%), internal consistency (.91–.95 at three time...
Thu Nov 07, 2019 02:00
Abstract Little is known about high-cost service users in the context of youth outpatient mental health, despite the fact that they account for a large proportion of overall mental healthcare expenditures. A nuanced understanding of these users is critical to develop and implement tailored services, as well as to inform relevant policies. This study aims to characterize high-cost service users by examining demographic factors, diagnoses, and service type use. Administrative service...
Thu Nov 07, 2019 02:00
Abstract Some opponents of animalism have offered a relatively new worry: the remnant-person problem. After presenting the problem, I lay out several responses and show why they are either problematic or come with too many theoretical costs. I then present my own response to the problem, which unlike the other responses, it is one that can be adopted by animalists of any stripe. What I hope to show is that some of the key assumptions of the remnant-person problem can be rejected,...
Wed Nov 06, 2019 02:00
Abstract Evidence-based practices are effective only when implemented faithfully. This paper explicates the history, standardization, and methods for developing and validating measures of fidelity. We overviewed the past 20 years of developing fidelity measures, summarized standardization of the development procedures, and described needed psychometric assessments. Fidelity assessment has become the sine qua non of implementation, technical assistance, and research on evidence-based...
Tue Nov 05, 2019 02:00
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