The Congruence Between Adolescents and Their Parents’ Gender-Role Attitudes in Urban Slums of Allahabad, India Abstract Gender role differentiation intensifies during adolescence. The current study explores gender-role attitudes among unmarried young men and women aged 15–21 residing in the slums of Allahabad, India. The survey asked a series of questions about gender role attitudes to young men and women and to their parents (relating to work and educational attainment for girls, marriage and husband–wife relations). Since either the father or mother responded to the parent questionnaire, data analyses are based on subsets of mother–daughter pairs (n = 2124), mother–son pairs (n = 2135), father–son pairs (n = 788), and father–daughter pairs (n = 452). No significant differences emerged in terms of adolescent background characteristics of the four groups and the adolescent population of the study. A fair amount of congruence in gender role attitudes was found in the mother–daughter and father–son pairs for most items. However, a similar pattern was not visible in the father–daughter or mother–son pairs. Multivariate regression analysis indicated strong influence of parental attitudes on the adolescent’s attitudes. While education led to a shift in girls’ attitudes to gender egalitarian ones, it did not impact the attitudes of adolescent boys.

Prior Sexual Relationship, Gender and Sexual Attitudes Affect the Believability of a Hypothetical Sexual Assault Vignette Abstract This study investigated the effects of contextual and individual difference features on perceptions of believability of a hypothetical sexual assault victim’s report. Undergraduates read a vignette describing an alleged sexual assault in which the victim was either poor or wealthy and rated the woman’s believability. In both socioeconomic status conditions, participants then learned that the victim and perpetrator had a previous, consensual sexual relationship and consumed alcohol at the time of the assault and provided a second and third believability rating. Believability ratings decreased as additional information was provided. Men, participants with greater rape myth acceptance, and men with lower levels of rape empathy rated the victim’s believability as significantly lower than women, participants with less rape myth acceptance, and men with higher rape empathy. Based on study findings, we provide recommendations for college campuses and law enforcement groups working with sexual assault victims.

Affiliation and Dominance in Female and Male Dyads: When Discoordination Makes Happy Abstract Drawing on sixteen 45-min-long dyadic same-sex conversations between unacquainted females or males, we used the joystick method by Sadler et al. (J Pers Soc Psychol 97:1005–1020. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016232, 2009) to rate the moment-to-moment levels of affiliation and dominance during the first and last 10 min of these conversations. Besides comparing the behavioral patterns in female and male dyads, we drew on the pre- and post-conversation questionnaires filled by the participants of the rated conversations to study the experiential consequences (valence, arousal, happiness, anxiety) of these patterns. Both genders exhibited the same complementary patterns where affiliation pulls for affiliation and dominance for submissiveness. However, these patterns were experienced differently by females and males. Greater affiliation synchrony increased the levels of happiness and arousal for males, but not for females. In addition, greater dominance coordination predicted a more negative valence change for females than for males. The paper thus points to gender differences in what constitutes a positive interactional experience and suggests a need to revisit social scientific theorizing in this regard.

Development and Validation of the Latina American Shifting Scale (LASS) Abstract The present research developed and validated a new measure of Latina American shifting (the Latina American Shifting Scale, LASS) or the self-altering coping strategies employed by some Latina American women. A 17-item instrument was developed to measure various facets of shifting phenomena based on a review of the literature, focus group feedback, and cultural experts. An initial validation study, using principal components analysis and promax rotation, was conducted with a national sample of 582 Latina Americans that reduced the initial set of 37 items to 17 items that assessed three constructs. A second independent national sample of 448 Latina Americans provided support for the 3-component structure using a confirmatory factor analysis. The final version of the new 17-item inventory comprised the following three subscales: Cultural Presentation Appropriateness, Language Appropriateness, and Appealing to the White Ideal. Implications for future research are discussed.

Household Decision-Making Between Older Adult Women and Men in the Western Cape of South Africa Abstract In this study we use the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS, wave 4) to estimate the influences on sole decision-making (measured as being the only person who makes family decisions rather than making them jointly) in married or partnered older adult households in South Africa. We performed a logistic regression analysis predicting older adults’ major and minor decision-making by gender, controlling for household structure, economic resources, health and race. We found that control of economic resources influences an older adult’s decision-making, including earning money outside the household, controlling a pension and owning books. These decision-making patterns were more prevalent for Black and Coloured men and women than for Whites. Race was not a significant predictor of sole decision-making, although speaking Afrikaans did predict sole decision-making for Coloured women. Having a partner, having a parent in the household and household size all predicted sole decision-making type (major and minor), although the exact nature of those relationships varied by gender and race. The extended nature of many South African households and cultural differences about the role of extended family on decision patterns may have been previously overlooked.

Boys, Bullying, and Gender Roles: How Hegemonic Masculinity Shapes Bullying Behavior Abstract During adolescence, schools and peers are salient agents of gender socialization. Specifically, bullying is a common experience for many adolescents. While existing research has examined how bullying differs for girls and boys, very little has examined the ways that bullying serves to reinforce masculinity. This study combines quantitative and qualitative data to examine how bullying reinforces a specific lens of masculinity. By focusing on the experiences of bullying among middle school boys across the United States, we find that the context of school, peers, and bullying contributes to the social construction of masculinity for adolescents. By conducting a content analysis of data provided by victims, we find that many of the experiences of bullying are grounded in, or interpreted through, hegemonic masculinity. Four key themes that emerged from the data include the importance of heterosexuality, physical dominance and intimidation, acceptance and normalization of violence, and how gender intersects with other social locations. Findings from this study offer insight into how adolescent bullying perpetuates notions of masculine dominance and gender inequalities.

Factors Influencing Cisgender Individuals’ Interest in Experiencing Being the Other Sex Abstract In this study we asked people about their hypothetical interest in experiencing being the other sex as a possible means to capture their implicit gender-related attitudes and assumptions. As such, we sought to identify the extent to which gender self-confidence, openness to experience, and conservative attitudes are associated with hypothetically having this experience permanently (i.e., through reincarnation) and temporarily (i.e., for 1 week). Participants were 208 cisgender individuals (107 men, 101 women) who completed an on-line survey. A logistic regression analysis demonstrated that individuals higher in gender self-confidence were less likely to choose to be reincarnated as the other sex. A multiple regression analysis demonstrated that individuals who were older, more religious, had more negative attitudes towards gay men and lesbians, and high higher gender self-confidence were less likely to choose to experience being the other sex for a week. Gender identity, age, religiosity, and openness were not related to interest in being the other sex permanently or temporarily. These results demonstrate the potential utility of this approach for assessing implicit gender-related attitudes. They are discussed in terms of the multiple factors associated with these attitudes.

“It has given me life.” Latinas and the U-Visa: A Qualitative Study Abstract Women, particularly undocumented women, are at an increased risk for gender-based violence including intimate partner violence (IPV). Women’s lack of legal immigration status is often used as a tool of dominance and control of undocumented women. The Victim of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act 2000 created the U-Visa that provides undocumented IPV victims with lawful immigration status if they are willing to assist authorities in investigating crimes. The objective of this study is to better understand the benefits of obtaining the U-Visa from the perspectives of Latina U-Visa recipients who are survivors of IPV. In this community-based qualitative research study involving IPV survivors, community leaders, service providers and academics, we collected qualitative data through interviews with 20 participants including 15 survivors of IPV who were U-Visa recipients. Interviews were digitally-recorded, transcribed and translated, and analyzed using a qualitative software to develop key themes. Women received a $20 gift card as a token of appreciation for their participation in this study. Findings highlight key benefits such as improved mental health, renewed confidence and self-esteem, self-confidence, less perceived exploitation, access to better jobs and housing, freedom to travel, and improved economic and social well-being for visa recipients and their families. Obtaining the U-Visa was a transformative and life-changing experience for Latina survivors of IPV. Social policies such as TVPA help support vulnerable women who are victims of IPV.

An Exploration of Psychosocial Factors Associated with Female Genital Self-Image Abstract Negative genital self-perceptions or female genital self-image (FGSI) is a prevalent concern for women. This is a significant problem in and of itself but also because it is associated with a variety of negative outcomes including less frequent sexual behavior, more negative cognitive-affective sexual responses, and poorer decision-making about genital health. This study examined the extent to which various psychosocial factors are associated with more negative FGSI. Two hundred cisgender women with diverse ages and relationship statuses completed an online survey that included measures of sexual health education (quality of school-based sexual health education (SHE), female genital knowledge), pornography use, sexual experiences (positive and negative partner genital feedback, frequency of sexual activity), and cognitive-affect appraisals (body image, sexual comfort). Social desirability, cognitive-affective appraisals, sexual experiences, and SHE were associated with FGSI at the bivariate level. The results of a multiple regression analysis indicated that only sexual comfort, body image, and positive genital feedback contributed uniquely to the prediction of FGSI. The results are interpreted in terms of the importance of the psychosocial context for understanding women’s genital self-perceptions as well as their implications for prevention and intervention strategies aimed at addressing the problem.

Beyond Hidden Figures: Shining a Spotlight on Constructed Hierarchies of Gender, Age, and Elementary Mathematics Abstract This article focuses on conversations about gender and mathematics among other intersecting identities such as age, education level, and professional expertise. I used positioning theory to unpack a conversation at a science museum (between museum volunteer John, prospective teacher Ann, and myself) to share a story about gender and mathematics. I argue that the impact of this conversation from our perspectives as young women who do work in elementary mathematics education should be made visible to recognize and address inequities for women and girls within mathematics and mathematics education spaces. Implications for elementary teacher education include providing opportunities for prospective teachers to share their stories and gendered experiences with attention to intersections of age, gender, and connected disciplinary narratives (in this case, mathematics).