Information for CME Credit—Adherence to Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines Among Women Aged 66–68 Years in a Large Community-Based Practice Publication date: December 2019 Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 57, Issue 6 Author(s):

Ettinger de Cuba SA, Bovell-Ammon AR, Cook JT, et al. SNAP, young children's health, and family food security and healthcare access. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57(4)525–532 Publication date: December 2019 Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 57, Issue 6 Author(s):

U.S. Immigration Law Enforcement Practices and Health Inequities Publication date: December 2019 Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 57, Issue 6 Author(s): Paul J. Fleming, Nicole L. Novak, William D. Lopez

Expanding Diabetes Prevention: Obstacles and Potential Solutions Publication date: December 2019 Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 57, Issue 6 Author(s): Michael Bergman

The Obesity Parenting Intervention Scale: Factorial Validity and Invariance Among Head Start Parents Publication date: December 2019 Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 57, Issue 6 Author(s): Roger Figueroa, Jaclyn A. Saltzman, Alyssa Aftosmes-Tobio, Kirsten K. Davison Introduction Obesity affects 15.7% of U.S. preschoolers, with higher rates among low-income and Spanish-speaking populations. Food, physical activity, and sleep parenting practices, referred to collectively as obesity-related parenting practices, are linked with children's risk of obesity and are a common target in family-based obesity interventions. Yet, there is no brief, validated measure of obesity-related parenting practices that is appropriate for use in intervention studies and for diverse audiences. This study tests the factorial validity of a brief measure of obesity-related parenting and measurement invariance of the English and Spanish versions of the scale, as well as among mothers and fathers. Methods Parents of children enrolled in Head Start (n=578; 500 mothers and 78 fathers) completed a brief survey of food (7 items), physical activity (5 items), and sleep parenting (3 items) in fall of 2017 and 2018. Scale items were drawn from existing measures and the evidence base, initially drafted in English, and then translated to Spanish. One parent per family completed the scale independently in English (n=448) or Spanish (n=130). A confirmatory factor analysis framework was adopted to test a 3-factor model for the total sample. Multi-group structural equation modeling was used to assess measurement invariance of the scale by the language of administration (English or Spanish) and among mothers and fathers separately. Results Results supported a 3-factor model of obesity parenting with a single factor each for food, physical activity, and sleep parenting. There was statistically significant measurement invariance across all groups (p<0.05). Internal consistency was adequate across factors (α=0.65−0.80). Conclusions This brief obesity-parenting scale demonstrates adequate factorial validity in English and Spanish and among mothers and fathers. This measure has been integrated into an intervention, and future work will test sensitivity to change.

A Methodologic Systematic Review of Mobile Health Behavior Change Randomized Trials Publication date: December 2019 Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 57, Issue 6 Author(s): Theodora Oikonomidi, Alexandre Vivot, Viet-Thi Tran, Carolina Riveros, Elisabeth Robin, Philippe Ravaud Context Mobile health helps providers offer accessible, affordable, tailored behavior change interventions. However, research assessing mobile health interventions may feature methodologic shortcomings and poor reporting. This review aims to summarize the characteristics, methods, and intervention reporting of RCTs evaluating mobile health behavior change interventions. Evidence acquisition This was a methodologic systematic review of RCTs assessing mobile health behavior change interventions published in PubMed from January 1, 2014 to January 1, 2018, in journals with the upper half of Impact Factors (Clarivate Analytics). Three reviewers independently extracted sample characteristics. Primary outcomes were classified as patient-important or not using definitions from the literature. Any non–patient-important outcomes were then reclassified by a panel of 3 patients. Intervention reporting was assessed by the mobile health Evidence Reporting and Assessment checklist. Data were analyzed in December 2018. Evidence synthesis Most of the 231 included RCTs assessed text messaging (51%) or smartphone app (28%) interventions aiming to change nutrition and physical activity (36%) or treatment adherence (25%). Only 8% of RCTs had a patient-important primary outcome, follow-up of ≥6 months, and intent-to-treat analysis. Most primary outcomes were behavioral measures (60%). Follow-up was <3 months in 29% of RCTs. Regarding reporting, 12 of the 16 checklist items were reported in less than half of RCTs (e.g., usability/content testing, 32%; data security, 13%). Conclusions Reports of RCTs assessing mobile health behavior change interventions lack information that would be useful for providers, including reporting of long-term intervention impact on patient-important primary outcomes and information needed for intervention replicability.

Firearm Storage Practices and Risk Perceptions Publication date: December 2019 Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 57, Issue 6 Author(s): Amanda I. Mauri, Julia A. Wolfson, Deborah Azrael, Matthew Miller Introduction During the past 2 decades, gun owners have become more likely to store household firearms loaded and unlocked, and believe that guns make homes safer rather than more dangerous. Methods Self-reported household firearm storage practices were described among 2,001 gun owners in relation to whether they report that firearms make homes (1) safer, (2) more dangerous, or (3) it depends. Data were from a probability-based online survey administered in 2015 (completion rate, 55%) and analyzed in 2018. Results Nearly 60% of gun owners said that guns make homes safer (57.6%, 95% CI=55.1%, 60.1%), 39.9% (95% CI=37.4%, 42.5%) said that it depends (on other factors), and 2.5% (95% CI=1.8%, 3.4%) said that guns make homes more dangerous. A higher proportion of gun owners who reported that they believe guns increase household safety said that they store household firearms loaded and unlocked (39.2%, 95% CI=35.9%, 42.6%), compared with those who thought guns make the home either more dangerous (3.7%, 95% CI=1.3%, 10.1%) or those who thought the effect of guns on household safety depends on additional factors (17.5%, 95% CI=14.7%, 20.7%). Conclusions Gun owners who are most likely to assert categorically that firearms in the home make homes safer are, as a group, far more likely to store guns in their home loaded and unlocked.

Drone and Other Hobbyist Aircraft Injuries Seen in U.S. Emergency Departments, 2010–2017 Publication date: December 2019 Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 57, Issue 6 Author(s): Jack A. Johnson, Megan R. Svach, Lawrence H. Brown Introduction Recreational radio-controlled hobbyist aircraft—particularly “drones”—have become increasingly popular in the last decade. The purpose of this study is to describe injuries associated with hobbyist drones and compare them with injuries associated with other hobbyist aircraft. Methods In this 2018 cross-sectional analysis of National Electronic Injury Surveillance System data for 2010–2017, case narrative fields were searched to identify emergency department visits related to hobbyist aircraft injuries. The incidence of hobbyist aircraft injuries was estimated, and summary statistics, chi-square tests, and t-tests were used to describe and compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of drone and other hobbyist aircraft-related cases. Results An estimated 12,842 hobbyist aircraft injuries presented to U.S. emergency departments during 2010–2017. An increased incidence attributable to drone-related injuries emerged in 2015. Overall, most injuries involved male patients aged 50 years on average. Propeller injuries were the leading mechanism. An estimated 270 patients required hospital admission. Patients injured by drones were younger (mean, 34 years vs 58 years; p<0.001) and more likely to be female than patients injured by hobbyist planes. Drone-related injuries were more likely than plane-related injuries to result from blunt trauma (e.g., being struck or falling during aircraft retrieval; 40.5% vs 7.9%, p<0.001). Helicopter-related injuries more closely resembled drone-related injuries than plane-related injuries. Conclusions Hobbyist aircraft-related injuries are increasing, particularly drone-related injuries. Tailored injury prevention measures and product safety materials are needed to address all hobbyist aircraft-related injuries, with a particular focus on drone-related injury prevention measures.

Predicting Opioid Overdose Deaths Using Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Data Publication date: December 2019 Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 57, Issue 6 Author(s): Lindsey M. Ferris, Brendan Saloner, Noa Krawczyk, Kristen E. Schneider, Molly P. Jarman, Kate Jackson, B. Casey Lyons, Matthew D. Eisenberg, Tom M. Richards, Klaus W. Lemke, Jonathan P. Weiner Introduction Prescription Drug Monitoring Program data can provide insights into a patient's likelihood of an opioid overdose, yet clinicians and public health officials lack indicators to identify individuals at highest risk accurately. A predictive model was developed and validated using Prescription Drug Monitoring Program prescription histories to identify those at risk for fatal overdose because of any opioid or illicit opioids. Methods From December 2018 to July 2019, a retrospective cohort analysis was performed on Maryland residents aged 18–80 years with a filled opioid prescription (n=565,175) from January to June 2016. Fatal opioid overdoses were identified from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner and were linked at the person-level with Prescription Drug Monitoring Program data. Split-half technique was used to develop and validate a multivariate logistic regression with a 6-month lookback period and assessed model calibration and discrimination. Results Predictors of any opioid-related fatal overdose included male sex, age 65–80 years, Medicaid, Medicare, 1 or more long-acting opioid fills, 1 or more buprenorphine fills, 2 to 3 and 4 or more short-acting schedule II opioid fills, opioid days’ supply ≥91 days, average morphine milligram equivalent daily dose, 2 or more benzodiazepine fills, and 1 or more muscle relaxant fills. Model discrimination for the validation cohort was good (area under the curve: any, 0.81; illicit, 0.77). Conclusions A model for predicting fatal opioid overdoses was developed using Prescription Drug Monitoring Program data. Given the recent national epidemic of deaths involving heroin and fentanyl, it is noteworthy that the model performed equally well in identifying those at risk for overdose deaths from both illicit and prescription opioids.

The Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion and Smoking Cessation Among Low-Income Smokers Publication date: December 2019 Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Volume 57, Issue 6 Author(s): J. Travis Donahoe, Edward C. Norton, Michael R. Elliott, Andrea R. Titus, Lucie Kalousová, Nancy L. Fleischer Introduction This study sought to empirically evaluate whether the Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act increased smoking cessation among low-income childless adult smokers. Methods The effects of the Medicaid expansion on smoking quit attempts and the probability of 30- and 90-day smoking cessation were evaluated using logistic regression and data from the 2010–2011 and 2014–2015 waves of the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. Using boosted logistic regression, the Tobacco Use Supplement was restricted to an analytic sample composed of childless adults with high probability of being <138% of the federal poverty level. Propensity score weighting was used to compare changes in smoking cessation among a sample of current and past smokers in states that expanded Medicaid with a control sample of current and past smokers in states that did not expand Medicaid with similar sociodemographic characteristics and smoking histories. This study additionally controlled for state socioeconomic trends, welfare policies, and tobacco control policies. Analysis was conducted between January 2018 and June 2019. Results After weighting by propensity score and adjusting for state socioeconomic trends, welfare policies, and tobacco control policies, the Medicaid expansion was not associated with increases in smoking quit attempts or smoking cessation. Conclusions The Medicaid expansion did not appear to improve smoking cessation, despite extending health insurance eligibility to 2.3 million low-income smokers. Greater commitments to reducing barriers to cessation benefits and increasing smoking cessation in state Medicaid programs are needed to reduce smoking in low-income populations.