Pediatric Research, Published online: 12 November 2019; doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0665-4Type 1 diabetes mellitus management in young children: implementation of current technologies
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pediatric Research, Published online: 12 November 2019; doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0663-6Surfactant and budesonide for respiratory distress syndrome: an observational study
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pediatric Research, Published online: 12 November 2019; doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0675-2Family reflections: importance of sleep in preterm infants
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pediatric Research, Published online: 12 November 2019; doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0669-0Changepoint analysis of gestational age and birth weight: proposing a refinement of Diagnosis Related Groups
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pediatric Research, Published online: 12 November 2019; doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0662-7Increased frequency of regulatory T cells in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease at diagnosis: a compensative role?
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pharmaceuticals, Vol. 12, Pages 168: Chemical Probes for the Adenosine Receptors Pharmaceuticals doi: 10.3390/ph12040168 Authors: Stephanie Federico Lucia Lassiani Giampiero Spalluto Research on the adenosine receptors has been supported by the continuous discovery of new chemical probes characterized by more and more affinity and selectivity for the single adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors). Furthermore, the development of new techniques for...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pharmaceuticals, Vol. 12, Pages 167: In Vitro Assessment of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties of Saccharin–Tetrazolyl and –Thiadiazolyl Derivatives: The Simple Dependence of the pH Value on Antimicrobial Activity Pharmaceuticals doi: 10.3390/ph12040167 Authors: Luís M. T. Frija Epole Ntungwe Przemysław Sitarek Joana M. Andrade Monika Toma Tomasz Śliwiński Lília Cabral M. Lurdes S. Cristiano Patrícia Rijo Armando J. L. Pombeiro The antimicrobial,...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pharmaceutics, Vol. 11, Pages 604: Design and Evaluation of pH-Dependent Nanosystems Based on Cellulose Acetate Phthalate, Nanoparticles Loaded with Chlorhexidine for Periodontal Treatment Pharmaceutics doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110604 Authors: Gustavo Vidal-Romero María L. Zambrano-Zaragoza Lizbeth Martínez-Acevedo Gerardo Leyva-Gómez Susana E. Mendoza-Elvira David Quintanar-Guerrero This work aimed to develop and evaluate pH-dependent systems based on nanospheres (NSphs)...
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Pharmaceutics, Vol. 11, Pages 603: A Direct Compression Matrix Made from Xanthan Gum and Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Designed to Improve Compressibility in Controlled Release Tablets Pharmaceutics doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110603 Authors: Abu Fara Dadou Rashid Al-Obeidi Antonijevic Chowdhry Badwan The subject of our research is the optimization of direct compression (DC), controlled release drug matrices comprising chitosan/xanthan gum. The foregoing is...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pharmaceutics, Vol. 11, Pages 602: Bone Morphogenic Protein 2-Loaded Porous Silicon Carriers for Osteoinductive Implants Pharmaceutics doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110602 Authors: Michal Rosenberg Dekel Shilo Leonid Galperin Tal Capucha Karim Tarabieh Adi Rachmiel Ester Segal Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are probably the most important growth factors in bone formation and healing. However, the utilization of BMPs in clinical applications is mainly limited due to...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pharmaceutics, Vol. 11, Pages 601: Synthesis, Principles, and Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles for In Vivo Imaging Applications—A Review Pharmaceutics doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110601 Authors: Wallyn Anton Vandamme The current nanotechnology era is marked by the emergence of various magnetic inorganic nanometer-sized colloidal particles. These have been extensively applied and hold an immense potential in biomedical applications including, for example, cancer therapy,...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pharmaceutics, Vol. 11, Pages 600: Polymeric Nanoparticles Based on Tyrosine-Modified, Low Molecular Weight Polyethylenimines for siRNA Delivery Pharmaceutics doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110600 Authors: Ewe Noske Karimov Aigner A major hurdle for exploring RNA interference (RNAi) in a therapeutic setting is still the issue of in vivo delivery of small RNA molecules (siRNAs). The chemical modification of polyethylenimines (PEIs) offers a particularly attractive avenue towards...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pharmaceutics, Vol. 11, Pages 598: Perivascular and Perineural Pathways Involved in Brain Delivery and Distribution of Drugs after Intranasal Administration Pharmaceutics doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110598 Authors: Jeffrey J. Lochhead Thomas P. Davis One of the most challenging aspects of treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) is the efficient delivery of drugs to their targets within the brain. Only a small fraction of drugs is able to cross the blood–brain...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pharmaceutics, Vol. 11, Pages 599: Encapsulation in Polymeric Nanoparticles Enhances the Enzymatic Stability and the Permeability of the GLP-1 Analog, Liraglutide, Across a Culture Model of Intestinal Permeability Pharmaceutics doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110599 Authors: Ruba Ismail Alexandra Bocsik Gábor Katona Ilona Gróf Mária A. Deli Ildikó Csóka The potential of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) to overcome the intestinal barrier that limits oral...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
Pharmaceutics, Vol. 11, Pages 597: Review of Advanced Hydrogel-Based Cell Encapsulation Systems for Insulin Delivery in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Pharmaceutics doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110597 Authors: Albert Espona-Noguera Jesús Ciriza Alberto Cañibano-Hernández Gorka Orive Rosa María Hernández Laura Saenz del Burgo Jose Luis Pedraz : Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of β-cells in the pancreatic islets. In this...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 02:00
EVOLUTION Correction for “Multiple modes of convergent adaptation in the spread of glyphosate-resistant Amaranthus tuberculatus,” by Julia M. Kreiner, Darci Ann Giacomini, Felix Bemm, Bridgit Waithaka, Julian Regalado, Christa Lanz, Julia Hildebrandt, Peter H. Sikkema, Patrick J. Tranel, Detlef Weigel, John R. Stinchcombe, and Stephen I. Wright, which was first...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Food choices are shifting globally in ways that are negatively affecting both human health and the environment. Here we consider how consuming an additional serving per day of each of 15 foods is associated with 5 health outcomes in adults and 5 aspects of agriculturally driven environmental degradation. We find...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Mechanical stimuli, such as wind, rain, and touch affect plant development, growth, pest resistance, and ultimately reproductive success. Using water spray to simulate rain, we demonstrate that jasmonic acid (JA) signaling plays a key role in early gene-expression changes, well before it leads to developmental changes in flowering and plant...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Drosophila CRYPTOCHROME (dCRY) mediates electrophysiological depolarization and circadian clock resetting in response to blue or ultraviolet (UV) light. These light-evoked biological responses operate at different timescales and possibly through different mechanisms. Whether electron transfer down a conserved chain of tryptophan residues underlies biological responses following dCRY light activation has been...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Retinotopic specializations in the ventral visual stream, especially foveal adaptations, provide primates with high-acuity vision in the central visual field. However, visual field specializations have not been studied in the dorsal visual stream, dedicated to processing visual motion and visually guided behaviors. To investigate this, we injected retrograde neuronal tracers...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Use-dependent long-term changes of neuronal response properties must be gated to prevent irrelevant activity from inducing inappropriate modifications. Here we test the hypothesis that local network dynamics contribute to such gating. As synaptic modifications depend on temporal contiguity between presynaptic and postsynaptic activity, we examined the effect of synchronized gamma...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Apoptosis activation by cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol is a normal cellular response to mitochondrial damage. Using cellular apoptosis assay, we have found small-molecule apoptosis inhibitors that protect cells from mitochondrial damage. Previously, we reported the discovery of a small molecule, Compound A, which blocks dopaminergic neuron death...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
The recycling of particulate organic matter (POM) by microbes is a key part of the global carbon cycle. This process is mediated by the extracellular hydrolysis of polysaccharides, which can trigger social behaviors in bacteria resulting from the production of public goods. Despite the potential importance of public good-mediated interactions,...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
The atmosphere is vastly underexplored as a habitable ecosystem for microbial organisms. In this study, we investigated 795 time-resolved metagenomes from tropical air, generating 2.27 terabases of data. Despite only 9 to 17% of the generated sequence data currently being assignable to taxa, the air harbored a microbial diversity that...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections pose a major threat to global public health. Similar to other AMR pathogens, both historical and ongoing drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) epidemics are characterized by transmission of a limited number of predominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. Understanding how these predominant strains achieve sustained transmission, particularly during the critical...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Reduced serum testosterone (T), or hypogonadism, affects millions of men and is associated with many pathologies, including infertility, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and decreased libido and sexual function. Administering T-replacement therapy (TRT) reverses many of the symptoms associated with low T levels. However, TRT is linked to side effects such...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a lethal yet energetically costly weapon in gram-negative bacteria. Through contraction of a long sheath, the T6SS ejects a few copies of effectors accompanied by hundreds of structural carrier proteins per delivery. The few ejected effectors, however, dictate T6SS functions. It remains elusive...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Developing a mechanistic understanding of protein dynamics and conformational changes at polymer interfaces is critical for a range of processes including industrial protein separations. Salting out is one example of a procedure that is ubiquitous in protein separations yet is optimized empirically because there is no mechanistic description of the...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Jockeying and competing for higher status is an inherent feature of rank-ordered hierarchies. Despite theoretically acknowledging rank changes within hierarchies, the extant literature has ignored the role of competitors’ dynamic movements on a focal actor’s resulting behavior. By using a dynamic lens to examine these movement in competitive situations, we...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Adaptive radiations are prominent components of the world’s biodiversity. They comprise many species derived from one or a small number of ancestral species in a geologically short time that have diversified into a variety of ecological niches. Several authors have proposed that introgressive hybridization has been important in the generation...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Recent work with prion diseases and synucleinopathies indicates that accurate diagnostic methods for protein-folding diseases can be based on the ultrasensitive, amplified measurement of pathological aggregates in biospecimens. A better understanding of the physicochemical factors that control the seeded polymerization of such aggregates, and their amplification in vitro, should allow...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Tc toxins are modular toxin systems of insect and human pathogenic bacteria. They are composed of a 1.4-MDa pentameric membrane translocator (TcA) and a 250-kDa cocoon (TcB and TcC) encapsulating the 30-kDa toxic enzyme (C terminus of TcC). Binding of Tc toxins to target cells and a pH shift trigger...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Immunity evolved as an impossibly elegant, yet devastatingly destructive force to combat pathogens, environmental insults, and rogue malignant cellular agents arising from within. The immunologic arsenal developed in a veritable coevolutionary arms race with the world’s pathogens, culminating in lymphocytic weapons of mass destruction. Indeed, T cells and B cells...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Disordered hyperuniform structures are locally random while uniform like crystals at large length scales. Recently, an exotic hyperuniform fluid state was found in several nonequilibrium systems, while the underlying physics remains unknown. In this work, we propose a nonequilibrium (driven-dissipative) hard-sphere model and formulate a hydrodynamic theory based on Navier–Stokes...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Bradykinin is a proinflammatory factor that mediates angioedema and inflammation in many diseases. It is a key player in some types of hereditary angioedema and is involved in septic shock, traumatic injury, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and stroke, among others. Activation of the plasma contact system leads to elevated levels of...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Lignin is an abundant aromatic polymer found in plant secondary cell walls. In recent years, lignin has attracted renewed interest as a feedstock for bio-based chemicals via catalytic and biological approaches and has emerged as a target for genetic engineering to improve lignocellulose digestibility by altering its composition. In lignin...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Many multidomain proteins contain disordered linkers that regulate interdomain contacts, and thus the effective concentrations that govern intramolecular reactions. Effective concentrations are rarely measured experimentally, and therefore little is known about how they relate to linker architecture. We have directly measured the effective concentrations enforced by disordered protein linkers using...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
As countries pursue sustainable development across sectors as diverse as health, agriculture, and infrastructure, sectoral policies interact, generating synergies that alter their effectiveness. Identifying those synergies ex ante facilitates the harmonization of policies and provides an important lever to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations 2030...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Surface topography profoundly influences cell adhesion, differentiation, and stem cell fate control. Numerous studies using a variety of materials demonstrate that nanoscale topographies change the intracellular organization of actin cytoskeleton and therefore a broad range of cellular dynamics in live cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood,...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Plants defend themselves against herbivores through the production of toxic and deterrent metabolites. Adapted herbivores can tolerate and sometimes sequester these metabolites, allowing them to feed on defended plants and become toxic to their own enemies. Can herbivore natural enemies overcome sequestered plant defense metabolites to prey on adapted herbivores?...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
The nexin–dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) in motile cilia and flagella functions as a linker between neighboring doublet microtubules, acts to stabilize the axonemal core structure, and serves as a central hub for the regulation of ciliary motility. Although the N-DRC has been studied extensively using genetic, biochemical, and structural approaches,...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Transposable elements are one of the major contributors to genome-size differences in metazoans. Despite this, relatively little is known about the evolutionary patterns of element expansions and the element families involved. Here we report a broad genomic sampling within the genus Hydra, a freshwater cnidarian at the focal point of...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Recently, the World Health Organization recognized that efforts to interrupt schistosomiasis transmission through mass drug administration have been ineffective in some regions; one of their new recommended strategies for global schistosomiasis control emphasizes targeting the freshwater snails that transmit schistosome parasites. We sought to identify robust indicators that would enable...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
PM20D1 is a candidate thermogenic enzyme in mouse fat, with its expression cold-induced and enriched in brown versus white adipocytes. Thiazolidinedione (TZD) antidiabetic drugs, which activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) nuclear receptor, are potent stimuli for adipocyte browning yet fail to induce Pm20d1 expression in mouse adipocytes. In contrast,...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Species assemble into communities through ecological and evolutionary processes. Phylogenetic niche conservatism—the tendency of species to retain ancestral ecological distributions—is thought to influence which species from a regional species pool can persist in a particular environment. We analyzed data for seed plants in China to test hypotheses about the distribution...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) plays a critical role in cancer metabolism by coordinating glycolysis and biosynthesis. A well-validated PGAM1 inhibitor, however, has not been reported for treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. By uncovering the elevated PGAM1 expressions were statistically related...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Macrophage polarization is critical to inflammation and resolution of inflammation. We previously showed that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can engage receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) to direct monocytes to a proinflammatory phenotype characterized by production of type 1 IFN and proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, HMGB1 plus C1q...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
The human endometrium is essential in providing the site for implantation and maintaining the growth and survival of the conceptus. An unreceptive endometrium and disrupted maternal−conceptus interactions can cause infertility due to pregnancy loss or later pregnancy complications. Despite this, the role of uterine glands in first trimester human pregnancy...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
We are pleased to see that simulation results by Mukherjee et al. (1) and Nathamgari et al. (2) are accordant with our experimental results (3). We also very much appreciate the detailed simulation study by Mukherjee et al. (1), specifically, on the prediction of the existence of an intermediate optimum...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Male hypogonadism (abnormally low levels of circulating serum testosterone resulting from a variety of medical and lifestyle issues) can affect males throughout their life span, often because of aging. The Leydig cells, located in the interstitial compartment of the testis and nestled between the seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone in response...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
We thank Dee and Kuitems (1) for their reply and welcome their criticism and the opportunity to elaborate on our analysis presented in Ledger et al. (2). We agree that estimating the duration of Norse activity at L’Anse aux Meadows (LAM) with any certainty is hindered by the imprecision of...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Mycorrhizal fungi are critical members of the plant microbiome, forming a symbiosis with the roots of most plants on Earth. Most plant species partner with either arbuscular or ectomycorrhizal fungi, and these symbioses are thought to represent plant adaptations to fast and slow soil nutrient cycling rates. This generates a...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Optimization of hydride transfer (HT) catalysts to enhance rates and selectivities of (photo)electroreduction reactions could be a crucial component of a sustainable chemical industry. Here, we analyze how ring functionalization of the adsorbed transient intermediate 2-pyridinide (2-PyH−*)—predicted to form in situ from pyridine (Py) in acidified water at a cathode...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
We study the droplet-forming instability of a thin jet extruded from a nozzle moving horizontally below the surface of an isoviscous immiscible fluid bath. While this interfacial instability is a classic problem in fluid mechanics, it has never been studied in the context of the deposition of a thread into...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
When managing natural systems, the importance of recognizing the role of uncertainty has been formalized as the precautionary approach. However, it is difficult to determine the role of stochasticity in the success or failure of management because there is almost always no replication; typically, only a single observation exists for...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Animal mating displays provide some of nature’s most dramatic and curious spectacles. Ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) are a case in point (Fig. 1). According to Cheng (ref. 1, p. 2), “When a male ring dove courts a female, he starts with majestic bowing and cooing (bow coo) interspersed with strutting...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Jumping spiders (Salticidae) rely on accurate depth perception for predation and navigation. They accomplish depth perception, despite their tiny brains, by using specialized optics. Each principal eye includes a multitiered retina that simultaneously receives multiple images with different amounts of defocus, and from these images, distance is decoded with relatively...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Accelerated soil erosion has become a pervasive feature on landscapes around the world and is recognized to have substantial implications for land productivity, downstream water quality, and biogeochemical cycles. However, the scarcity of global syntheses that consider long-term processes has limited our understanding of the timing, the amplitude, and the...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
One-sixth of the global terrestrial surface now falls within protected areas (PAs), making it essential to understand how far they mitigate the increasing pressures on nature which characterize the Anthropocene. In by far the largest analysis of this question to date and not restricted to forested PAs, we compiled data...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Standard stochastic optimization methods are brittle, sensitive to stepsize choice and other algorithmic parameters, and they exhibit instability outside of well-behaved families of objectives. To address these challenges, we investigate models for stochastic optimization and learning problems that exhibit better robustness to problem families and algorithmic parameters. With appropriately accurate...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
In the United States, the iconic groundfish fishery for Gulf of Maine cod has endured several dramatic reductions in annual catch limits and been federally declared an economic disaster. Using a repeated cross-sectional survey of fishing captains to assess potential social impacts of the fishery failure, we found that psychological...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Noisy matrix completion aims at estimating a low-rank matrix given only partial and corrupted entries. Despite remarkable progress in designing efficient estimation algorithms, it remains largely unclear how to assess the uncertainty of the obtained estimates and how to perform efficient statistical inference on the unknown matrix (e.g., constructing a...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Using appropriate antipredatory responses is crucial for survival. While slowing down reduces the chances of being detected from distant predators, fleeing away is advantageous in front of an approaching predator. Whether appropriate responses depend on experience with moving objects is still an open question. To clarify whether adopting appropriate fleeing...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
The assembly of small disordered proteins into highly ordered amyloid fibrils in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s patients is closely associated with dementia and neurodegeneration. Understanding the process of amyloid formation is thus crucial in the development of effective treatments for these devastating neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, a tiny, highly conserved and disordered...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
In many species that form pair bonds, males display to their mate after pair formation. These displays elevate the female’s investment into the brood. This is a form of cooperation because without the display, female investment is reduced to levels that are suboptimal for both sexes. The presence of such...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
The nascent polypeptide exit site of the ribosome is a crowded environment where multiple ribosome-associated protein biogenesis factors (RPBs) compete for the nascent polypeptide to influence their localization, folding, or quality control. Here we address how N-terminal methionine excision (NME), a ubiquitous process crucial for the maturation of over 50%...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Short tandem repeats (STRs) and variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) are important sources of natural and disease-causing variation, yet they have been problematic to resolve in reference genomes and genotype with short-read technology. We created a framework to model the evolution and instability of STRs and VNTRs in apes. We...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Prof. Richard P. Van Duyne (Fig. 1), a National Academy of Sciences member who played a pivotal role in starting the field of plasmonics and promoting nanoscience, died on July 28, 2019, at the age of 73. Rick’s prominence as a great intellect and visionary is apparent by his tremendous...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
In 2017, 1.6 million people worldwide died from tuberculosis (TB). A new TB diagnostic test—Xpert MTB/RIF from Cepheid—was endorsed by the World Health Organization in 2010. Trials demonstrated that Xpert is faster and has greater sensitivity and specificity than smear microscopy—the most common sputum-based diagnostic test. However, subsequent trials found...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that the material characteristics of a cell’s environment are an important aspect of cell functions, whether they are in the context of developmental biology (1, 2) or implantable devices (3, 4). While the importance of this is well known, the specific ways...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
As microbiologists and public health officials scramble for weapons to combat antibiotic resistance, they may end up including an unlikely ally in their arsenal: other bacteria. The prime candidate right now is a predatory bacterium known as Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Researchers have started to evaluate predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio—shown here...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
The World Health Organization forecasts that within 2 decades neurodegenerative disorders will eclipse cancer to become the foremost cause of death in the developed world after cardiovascular disease. Accurate detection of pathological processes goes hand in hand with the goals of treatment and prevention and, in light of their protracted...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Cellulase enzymes deconstruct recalcitrant cellulose into soluble sugars, making them a biocatalyst of biotechnological interest for use in the nascent lignocellulosic bioeconomy. Cellobiohydrolases (CBHs) are cellulases capable of liberating many sugar molecules in a processive manner without dissociating from the substrate. Within the complete processive cycle of CBHs, dissociation from...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Chemical modifications of RNAs have long been established as key modulators of nonprotein-coding RNA structure and function in cells. There is a growing appreciation that messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences responsible for directing protein synthesis can also be posttranscriptionally modified. The enzymatic incorporation of mRNA modifications has many potential outcomes, including...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
In PNAS, Cao et al. (1) employ track-etched membranes for the intracellular delivery of various molecular cargoes via electroporation in both adherent and suspended cells. While the concept of utilizing such membranes for electroporation is not novel (2, 3), its extension to suspended cells and the wide parametric space covered...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
In 2-dimensional systems at finite temperature, long-wavelength Mermin–Wagner fluctuations prevent the existence of translational long-range order. Their dynamical signature, which is the divergence of the vibrational amplitude with the system size, also affects disordered solids, and it washes out the transient solid-like response generally exhibited by liquids cooled below their...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Evidence for the reproduction of social class in brief speech [Psychological and Cognitive Sciences]
Economic inequality is at its highest point on record and is linked to poorer health and well-being across countries. The forces that perpetuate inequality continue to be studied, and here we examine how a person’s position within the economic hierarchy, their social class, is accurately perceived and reproduced by mundane...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Conventional kinesin, responsible for directional transport of cellular vesicles, takes multiple nearly uniform 8.2-nm steps by consuming one ATP molecule per step as it walks toward the plus end of the microtubule (MT). Despite decades of intensive experimental and theoretical studies, there are gaps in the elucidation of key steps...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
RNA folding is often studied by renaturing full-length RNA in vitro and tracking folding transitions. However, the intracellular transcript folds as it emerges from the RNA polymerase. Here, we investigate the folding pathways and stability of numerous late-transcriptional intermediates of yeast and Escherichia coli transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Transfer RNA is...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
The most widely used antimalarial drugs belong to the quinoline family. Their mode of action has not been characterized at the molecular level in vivo. We report the in vivo mode of action of a bromo analog of the drug chloroquine in rapidly frozen Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells. The...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Ledger et al. (1) report some exciting findings from the well-known site of L’Anse aux Meadows (LAM) in Newfoundland. However, their eye-catching conclusion that “Norse activity at LAM may have endured for a century” is misleading and arises from a misinterpretation of the outputs of their chronological model, constructed in...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Evidence from more than 100 y of research indicates that conscientiousness (C) is the most potent noncognitive construct for occupational performance. However, questions remain about the magnitudes of its effect sizes across occupational variables, its defining characteristics and functions in occupational settings, and potential moderators of its performance relation. Drawing...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Expanding the temperature range of CRISPR-Cas9 Homology model of IgnaviCas9, with colors indicating various domains. CRISPR-Cas9 has become a valuable tool for genome editing, but most Cas9 enzymes are active only at moderate temperatures. Stephanie Tzouanas Schmidt et al. (pp. 23100–23105) identified a Cas9 protein from unculturable Ignavibacterium that can...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Consumption of globally traded agricultural commodities like soy and palm oil is one of the primary causes of deforestation and biodiversity loss in some of the world’s most species-rich ecosystems. However, the complexity of global supply chains has confounded efforts to reduce impacts. Companies and governments with sustainability commitments struggle...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated 9 (Cas9) systems have been effectively harnessed to engineer the genomes of organisms from across the tree of life. Nearly all currently characterized Cas9 proteins are derived from mesophilic bacteria, and canonical Cas9 systems are challenged by applications requiring enhanced stability or elevated...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
To understand how antibiotic use affects the risk of a resistant infection, we present a computational model of the population dynamics of gut microbiota including antibiotic resistance-conferring plasmids. We then describe how this model is parameterized based on published microbiota data. Finally, we investigate how treatment history affects the prevalence...
Tue Nov 12, 2019 19:01
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