Searching for the population genomic signals left behind by positive selection is a major focus of evolutionary biology, particularly as sequencing technologies develop and costs decline. The effect of the number of chromosome copies (i.e. ploidy) on the manifestation of these signals remains an outstanding question, despite a wide appreciation of ploidy being a fundamental parameter governing numerous biological processes. We clarify the principal forces governing the differential manifestation...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 03:00
Bats are important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, including coronaviruses (CoVs). The Western Indian Ocean (WIO) islands are a biodiversity hotspot with more than 50 bat spe-cies. Here we tested 1,099 bats belonging to 39 species from Mozambique, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion Island and Seychelles. Based on molecular screening and par-tial sequencing of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene, a total of 88 bats (8.0% +/- 1.6%) tested positive for bat-borne coronaviruses (CoVs), with higher...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 03:00
Macaques are one of the most widely used model organisms in biomedical research. Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis are currently being used for toxicology, HIV, diabetes, neuroscience and psychiatric and psychological disorder researches. Many studies have been conducted on M. mulatta and M. fascicularis genomes for this purpose in order to understand the genomic properties of these species. Several M. fascicularis individuals from different geographical locations and also M. mulatta genomes have...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 03:00
The contribution of phenotypic plasticity to adaptation is contentious, with contradictory empirical support for its role in evolution. Here I investigate the possibility that phenotype plasticity has contributed to adaptation to a novel resource. If phenotype plasticity contributes to adaptation, it is thought to evolve in a process termed genetic accommodation. Under this model, the initial response to the environment is widely variable due to cryptic genetic variation, which is then refined by...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 03:00
Dating the tree of life is a task far more complicated than only determining the evolutionary relationships between species. It is therefore of interest to develop approaches apt to deal with undated phylogenetic trees. The main result of this work is a method to compute probabilities of undated phylogenetic trees under Markovian diversification models by constraining some of the divergence times to belong to given time intervals and by allowing diversification shifts on certain clades. If the diversification...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 03:00
Current evolutionary scenarios posit the emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the deadliest bacterial pathogen for humans globally, from an environmental saprophyte through a cumulative process of genome adaptation. Mycobacterium riyadhense is a novel non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) that is being increasingly isolated from human clinical cases with tuberculosis (TB)-like symptoms in various parts of the world. We provide evidence here that M. riyadhense is likely a "missing link" in the evolution...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 03:00
The major cause of the sterility of F1 hybrids formed between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus is anti-recombination. The failure of homologous chromosomes from the different species to recombine causes them to mis-segregate, resulting in aneuploid gametes, most of which are inviable. These effects of anti-recombination have previously impeded the search for other forms of incompatibility, such as negative genetic interactions (Bateson-Dobzhoansky-Muller incompatibilities). By...
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Although hybrid incompatibilities are readily observed in interspecific crosses, the genetic basis of most incompatibilities is still unknown. One persistent hypothesis is that hybrid dysfunction is due to a mismatch between parental genomes in selfish elements and the genes that regulate the proliferation of these elements. In this study, we evaluated the potential role of transposable elements in hybrid incompatibilities by examining hybrids between Drosophila virilis, a species that is polymorphic...
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Abstract Genetic causes of hearing loss are highly heterogeneous and often ethnically‐specific. In recent years, a variety of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) panels have been developed to target deafness‐causative genes. Whole exome sequencing (WES), on the other hand, was rarely used for genetic testing for deafness. In this study, we performed WES in 38 sporadic Chinese Han deaf patients who have been pre‐excluded for mutations in common deafness genes GJB2, SLC26A4 and MT‐RNR1. Non‐synonymous...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 20:33
Publication date: 15 January 2020Source: Talanta, Volume 207Author(s): Wellington da Silva Oliveira, Jazmin Osorio Monsalve, Cristina Nerin, Marisa Padula, Helena Teixeira GodoyAbstractA SPME protocol was optimised for the characterization of odorous migrants coming from baby bottles. Considering this, a Plackett–Burman design to select variables and a central composite rotatable design to define the optimal conditions were used. The method proposed by Derringer and Suich was used to simultaneously...
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Publication date: 15 January 2020Source: Talanta, Volume 207Author(s): Anna Toldrà, M. Dolors Furones, Ciara K. O'Sullivan, Mònica CampàsAbstractGiven the threat that ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) poses to shellfish aquaculture, the need for rapid, user-friendly and cost-effective methods to detect this marine pathogen and minimise its impact is evident. In this work, an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of OsHV-1 based on isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) was developed....
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Cover of this issue. Double immunohistochemistry of programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and macrophages (Iba‐I) in lung adenocarcinoma. See also Shinchi et al. (pp. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.141282711–2721 of this issue).
Wed Sep 04, 2019 18:27
Abstract Background and objectives Coffee intake is associated with low risk of symptomatic gallstone disease (GSD). We tested the hypothesis that high coffee intake causally protects against symptomatic GSD using a Mendelian randomization design. Methods First, we tested whether high coffee intake was associated with low risk of GSD in 104 493 individuals from the general population. Mean follow‐up was 8 years (range: <1–13 years). Secondly, we tested whether two genetic variants...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 19:01
STED microscopy is a tool that enables superresolution fluorescence imaging by overcoming the diffraction limitation, and has become more useful in various fields such as biology and material science. STED resolution enhancement can be useful in resolving and visualizing sophisticated details of structures of a sample. For this, the excitation focal spot reduction of CW STED microscopy is achieved by PSF engineering using radial polarization and annular aperture, and improved lateral resolution is...
Tue Sep 03, 2019 12:00
A novel design of an SRS microscope exploiting spectral pulse shaping allows measurement of fingerprint to CH‐stretch SRS spectra without any modification of the optical setup. High spectral resolution over a broad vibrational range allows label‐free quantitative imaging of biological samples. An exemplary SRS broadband spectrum of lipid droplets in a liver cancer cell is shown in the picture. Further details can be found in the article by Sergey P. Laptenok, Vijayakumar P. Rajamanickam, Luca Genchi,...
Tue Sep 03, 2019 12:00
A low‐cost, automated microscope is combined with machine learning to bring veterinary parasite diagnosis to the point of need. The authors present an inexpensive robotic microscope that automatically focuses, scans, and images a large area McMaster chamber. A deep learning image segmentation pipeline identifies and counts eggs of parasitic worms and single‐celled parasites in goats, dogs, and monkeys, yielding >96% diagnostic accuracy without the need for a trained user. Further details can...
Tue Sep 03, 2019 12:00
The laser technology can be successfully used for the intraoperative modification of an endograft during the endovascular aneurysm repair procedure. This paper presents the first diode laser irradiation study to assess whether the laser operative conditions, which ensure the fabric alteration, are harmless for the biological tissue surrounding the endoprosthesis. The work provides a microscopic and histological evaluation of its effects on ex‐vivo human aortic tissue. Further details can be found...
Tue Sep 03, 2019 12:00
Raster Scanning Optoacoustic Mesoscopy (RSOM) is a novel optoacoustic imaging modality that offers non‐invasive, label‐free, high resolution (~7 µm axial, ~30 µm lateral) imaging up to 1–2 mm below the skin. This paper aims to provide quantitative estimation of specific imaging metrics, like total blood volume, vessel diameter, and melanin signal intensity for in vivo skin imaging of human subjects with Fitzpatrick (FP) skin types between II to V. Further details can be found in the article by Xiuting...
Tue Sep 03, 2019 12:00
The nuclei of epithelial cells in stratified squamous epithelia have been reported to be either low scattering or high scattering. Using micro‐optical coherence tomography, we demonstrate that the nuclei are ‘low scattering’ in the core; those previously reported ‘high‐scattering’ signals are likely from the nucleocytoplasmic boundary. Further details can be found in the article by Si Chen, Xinyu Liu, Nanshuo Wang, et al. (e201900073). The nuclei of epithelial cells in stratified squamous...
Tue Sep 03, 2019 12:00
The delineation of brain tumor margins has been a challenging objective in neurosurgery for decades. Despite of the development of various preoperative imaging techniques, the current methodology is still insufficient for clinical practice. We present an intraoperative optical intrinsic signal imaging (iOISI) system for brain tumor surgery and establish a data processing procedure model to localize tumors. From the experimental result of a glioblastoma patient, we observe a relative small oscillation...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 19:24
Abstract Pathological crystal identification is routinely practiced in rheumatology for diagnosing arthritis disease such as gout, and relies on polarized light microscopy as the gold standard method used by medical professionals. Here we present a single‐shot computational polarized light microscopy method that reconstructs the transmittance, retardance, and slow‐axis orientation of a birefringent sample using a single image captured with a pixelated‐polarizer camera. This method is fast, simple‐to‐operate,...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 19:27
Abstract Background Therapeutic applications of light emitting diode‐red light (LED‐RL) are expanding, yet data on its clinical effects are lacking. Objectives To evaluate the safety of high fluence LED‐RL (≥160 J/cm2). Methods In two phase I, single‐blind, dose escalation, randomized controlled trials, healthy subjects received LED‐RL or mock irradiation to the forearm thrice weekly for three weeks at fluences of 160 to 640 J/cm2 for all skin types (STARS 1, n=60) and at 480 to 640...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 19:27
Abstract Retina, the only light sensor in the human eye, is hidden and extremely fragile. Optimized animal models and efficient imaging techniques are very important for the study of retinopathy. In this work, the rapid retinal injury process and the long‐terms retinal repair process were in vivo continuously evaluated with a novel imaging technology spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) in a unique animal model zebrafish. Acute retinal injury was constructed on adult zebrafish by...
Wed Sep 04, 2019 19:27
New England Journal of Medicine, Ahead of Print.
Wed Sep 04, 2019 12:00
New England Journal of Medicine, Ahead of Print.
Wed Sep 04, 2019 12:00
New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, Page 987-989, September 2019.
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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, Page 933-944, September 2019.
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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, Page 912-922, September 2019.
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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, Page 978-979, September 2019.
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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, Page 986-987, September 2019.
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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, Page 989-990, September 2019.
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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, September 2019.
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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, Page 980-981, September 2019.
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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, Page 970-976, September 2019.
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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, Page 956-968, September 2019.
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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, Page 893-895, September 2019.
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New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 381, Issue 10, Page 969-969, September 2019.
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