MEDICAL SCIENCES Retraction for “Impaired lipid metabolism by age-dependent DNA methylation alterations accelerates aging,” by Xin Li, Jiaqiang Wang, Leyun Wang, Guihai Feng, Gen Li, Meixin Yu, Yufei Li, Chao Liu, Xuewei Yuan, Guangxi Zang, Zhihuan Li, Ling Zhao, Hong Ouyang, Qingli Quan, Guangyu Wang, Charlotte Zhang, Oulan Li, Junkai...
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PLANT BIOLOGY Correction for “Salicylic acid-mediated plasmodesmal closure via Remorin-dependent lipid organization,” by Dingquan Huang, Yanbiao Sun, Zhiming Ma, Meiyu Ke, Yong Cui, Zichen Chen, Chaofan Chen, Changyang Ji, Tuan Minh Tran, Liang Yang, Sin Man Lam, Yanhong Han, Guanghou Shu, Jiří Friml, Yansong Miao, Liwen Jiang, and Xu Chen,...
12h
MEDICAL SCIENCES Correction for “MiR223-3p promotes synthetic lethality in BRCA1-deficient cancers,” by Gayathri Srinivasan, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Kimi Kong, Aruna S. Jaiswal, Guangcun Huang, Hyun-Suk Kim, Orlando Schärer, Weixing Zhao, Sandeep Burma, Patrick Sung, and Robert Hromas, which was first published August 8, 2019; 10.1073/pnas.1903150116 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A....
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CELL BIOLOGY Correction for “The histone demethylase JMJD2B regulates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition,” by Simone F. Glaser, Andreas W. Heumüller, Lukas Tombor, Patrick Hofmann, Marion Muhly-Reinholz, Ariane Fischer, Stefan Günther, Karoline E. Kokot, David Hassel, Sandeep Kumar, Hanjoong Jo, Reinier A. Boon, Wesley Abplanalp, David John, Jes-Niels Boeckel, and Stefanie Dimmeler, which...
12h
To adapt to habitat temperature, vertebrates have developed sophisticated physiological and ecological mechanisms through evolution. Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) serves as the primary sensor for cold. However, how cold activates TRPM8 and how this sensor is tuned for thermal adaptation remain largely unknown. Here we established a molecular...
12h
In the adult brain, vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGFD) is required for structural integrity of dendrites and cognitive abilities. Alterations of dendritic architectures are hallmarks of many neurologic disorders, including stroke-induced damage caused by toxic extrasynaptic NMDA receptor (eNMDAR) signaling. Here we show that stimulation of eNMDARs causes a...
12h
For more than 225 million y, all seed plants were woody trees, shrubs, or vines. Shortly after the origin of angiosperms ∼140 million y ago (MYA), the Nymphaeales (water lilies) became one of the first lineages to deviate from their ancestral, woody habit by losing the vascular cambium, the meristematic...
12h
The androgen receptor (AR) is a type I nuclear hormone receptor and the primary drug target in prostate cancer due to its role as a lineage survival factor in prostate luminal epithelium. In prostate cancer, the AR cistrome is reprogrammed relative to normal prostate epithelium and particularly in cancers driven...
12h
Dicer is a ribonuclease III enzyme in biosynthesis of micro-RNAs (miRNAs). Here we describe a regulation of Dicer expression in monocytic cells, based on proteolysis. In undifferentiated Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cells, full-length Dicer was undetectable; only an ∼50-kDa fragment appeared in Western blots. However, when MM6 cells were treated...
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Baloxavir marboxil (BXM) was approved in 2018 for treating influenza A and B virus infections. It is a first-in-class inhibitor targeting the endonuclease activity of the virus polymerase acidic (PA) protein. Clinical trial data revealed that PA amino acid substitutions at residue 38 (I38T/F/M) reduced BXM potency and caused virus...
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Cortical arousal from sleep is associated with autonomic activation and acute increases in heart rate. Arousals vary considerably in their frequency, intensity/duration, and physiological effects. Sleep and arousability impact health acutely (daytime cognitive function) and long-term (cardiovascular outcomes). Yet factors that modify the arousal intensity and autonomic activity remain enigmatic....
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Stromal-epithelial interactions dictate cancer progression and therapeutic response. Prostate cancer (PCa) cells were identified to secrete greater concentration of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) compared to noncancer epithelia. Based on the recognized coevolution of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) with tumor progression, we tested the role of cancer-derived mtDNA in a mechanism of paracrine...
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DNA metabarcoding reveals metacommunity dynamics in a threatened boreal wetland wilderness [Ecology]
The complexity and natural variability of ecosystems present a challenge for reliable detection of change due to anthropogenic influences. This issue is exacerbated by necessary trade-offs that reduce the quality and resolution of survey data for assessments at large scales. The Peace–Athabasca Delta (PAD) is a large inland wetland complex...
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Coproduction of high-value bioproducts at biorefineries is a key factor in making biofuels more cost-competitive. One strategy for generating coproducts is to directly engineer bioenergy crops to accumulate bioproducts in planta that can be fractionated and recovered at biorefineries. Here, we develop quantitative insights into the relationship between bioproduct market...
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In human populations, women consistently outlive men, which suggests profound biological foundations for sex differences in survival. Quantifying whether such sex differences are also pervasive in wild mammals is a crucial challenge in both evolutionary biology and biogerontology. Here, we compile demographic data from 134 mammal populations, encompassing 101 species,...
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Understanding the driving mechanisms behind existing patterns of vegetation hydraulic traits and community trait diversity is critical for advancing predictions of the terrestrial carbon cycle because hydraulic traits affect both ecosystem and Earth system responses to changing water availability. Here, we leverage an extensive trait database and a long-term continental...
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The specific interaction of importins with nuclear localization signals (NLSs) of cargo proteins not only mediates nuclear import but also, prevents their aberrant phase separation and stress granule recruitment in the cytoplasm. The importin Transportin-1 (TNPO1) plays a key role in the (patho-)physiology of both processes. Here, we report that...
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Human tuberculosis is caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) that vary in virulence and transmissibility. While genome-wide association studies have uncovered several mutations conferring drug resistance, much less is known about the factors underlying other bacterial phenotypes. Variation in the outcome of tuberculosis infection and diseases has...
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Regulating aggression after social feedback is an important prerequisite for developing and maintaining social relations, especially in the current times with larger emphasis on online social evaluation. Studies in adults highlighted the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in regulating aggression. Little is known about the development of aggression...
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Electrical or optogenetic stimulation of lateral hypothalamic (LH) GABA neurons induces rapid vigorous eating in sated animals. The dopamine system has been implicated in the regulation of feeding. Previous work has suggested that a subset of LH GABA neurons projects to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and targets GABA neurons,...
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The small GTPase RABL3 is an oncogene of unknown physiological function. Homozygous knockout alleles of mouse Rabl3 were embryonic lethal, but a viable hypomorphic allele (xiamen [xm]) causing in-frame deletion of four amino acids from the interswitch region resulted in profound defects in lymphopoiesis. Impaired lymphoid progenitor development led to...
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Frogs (Anura) are one of the most diverse vertebrate orders, comprising more than 7,000 species with a worldwide distribution and extensive ecological diversity. In contrast to other tetrapods, frogs have a highly derived body plan and simplified skull. In many lineages of anurans, increased mineralization has led to hyperossified skulls,...
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Visual signals rapidly relay information, facilitating behaviors and ecological interactions that shape ecosystems. However, most known signaling systems can be restricted by low light levels—a pervasive condition in the deep ocean, the largest inhabitable space on the planet. Resident visually cued animals have therefore been hypothesized to have simple signals...
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Climate science has outlined targets for reductions of greenhouse gas emissions necessary to provide a substantial chance of avoiding the worst impacts of climate change on both natural and human systems. How to reach those targets, however, requires balancing physical realities of the natural environment with the complexity of the...
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Bipedalism is a defining trait of the hominin lineage, associated with a transition from a more arboreal to a more terrestrial environment. While there is debate about when modern human-like bipedalism first appeared in hominins, all known South African hominins show morphological adaptations to bipedalism, suggesting that this was their...
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In the 16th century, the Calusa, a fisher-gatherer-hunter society, were the most politically complex polity in Florida, and the archaeological site of Mound Key was their capital. Based on historic documents, the ruling elite at Mound Key controlled surplus production and distribution. The question remains exactly how such surplus pooling...
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Recent interdisciplinary archaeological and paleoenvironmental research in the Arabian peninsula is transforming our understanding of ancient human societies in their ecological contexts. Hypotheses about the cultural and demographic impacts of a series of droughts have primarily been developed from the environmental and archaeological records of southeastern Arabia. Here we examine...
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There is a significant conceptual gap between legal and mathematical thinking around data privacy. The effect is uncertainty as to which technical offerings meet legal standards. This uncertainty is exacerbated by a litany of successful privacy attacks demonstrating that traditional statistical disclosure limitation techniques often fall short of the privacy...
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We live in an age characterized by increasing environmental, social, economic, and political uncertainty. Human societies face significant challenges, ranging from climate change to food security, biodiversity declines and extinction, and political instability. In response, scientists, policy makers, and the general public are seeking new interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary approaches to...
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Wing dimorphism is a phenomenon of phenotypic plasticity in aphid dispersal. However, the signal transduction for perceiving environmental cues (e.g., crowding) and the regulation mechanism remain elusive. Here, we found that aci-miR-9b was the only down-regulated microRNA (miRNA) in both crowding-induced wing dimorphism and during wing development in the brown...
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We thank Peiretti et al. (1) for their interest in our work (2) and for the suggestions for follow-up research. Peiretti et al. (1) ask about the role of reduced food consumption in the observed effect on reduced weight gain. We respectfully acknowledge this question. In our work (2), the...
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Cortisol, a key product of the stress response, has critical influences on degenerative aging in humans. In turn, cortisol production is affected by senescence of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to progressive dysregulation and increased cortisol exposure. These processes have been studied extensively in industrialized settings, but few comparative data...
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Understanding the causes and consequences of previous climate changes is essential for testing present-day climate models and projections. Archaeological sites are paleoenvironmental archives containing unique ecological baselines with data on paleoclimate transformations at a human timescale. Anthropogenic and nonanthropogenic forces have destroyed many sites, and others are under immediate threat....
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Climate change is threatening an uncalculated number of archaeological sites globally, totaling perhaps hundreds of thousands of culturally and paleoenvironmentally significant resources. As with all archaeological sites, they provide evidence of humanity’s past and help us understand our place in the present world. Coastal sites, clustered at the water’s edge,...
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Collagen forms the structural scaffold of connective tissues in all mammals. Tissues are remarkably resistant against mechanical deformations because collagen molecules hierarchically self-assemble in fibrous networks that stiffen with increasing strain. Nevertheless, collagen networks do fracture when tissues are overloaded or subject to pathological conditions such as aneurysms. Prior studies...
12h
Natural and man-made robotic systems use the interfacial tension between two fluids to support dense objects on liquid surfaces. Here, we show that coacervate-encased droplets of an aqueous polymer solution can be hung from the surface of a less dense aqueous polymer solution using surface tension. The forces acting on...
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Calendar-dated tree-ring sequences offer an unparalleled resource for high-resolution paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Where such records exist for a few limited geographic regions over the last 8,000 to 12,000 years, they have proved invaluable for creating precise and accurate timelines for past human and environmental interactions. To expand such records across new...
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Surface tension influences the fraction of atmospheric particles that become cloud droplets. Although surfactants are an important component of aerosol mass, the surface tension of activating aerosol particles is still unresolved, with most climate models assuming activating particles have a surface tension equal to that of water. By studying picoliter...
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The modern version of the RNA World Hypothesis begins with activated ribonucleotides condensing (nonenzymatically) to make RNA molecules, some of which possess (perhaps slight) catalytic activity. We propose that noncanonical ribonucleotides, which would have been inevitable under prebiotic conditions, might decrease the RNA length required to have useful catalytic function...
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Nucleic acid aptamers hold great promise for therapeutic applications due to their favorable intrinsic properties, as well as high-throughput experimental selection techniques. Despite the utility of the systematic evolution of ligands by the exponential enrichment (SELEX) method for aptamer determination, complementary in silico aptamer design is highly sought after to...
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Archaeological evidence plays a key role in longitudinal studies of humans and climate. Climate proxy data from Peruvian archaeological sites provide a case study through insight into the history of the “flavors” or varieties of El Niño (EN) events after ∼11 ka: eastern Pacific EN, La Niña, coastal EN (COA),...
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Recent isotopic and paleomagnetic data point to a possible connection between carbonaceous chondrites and differentiated planetary materials, suggesting the existence, perhaps ephemeral, of transitional objects with a layered structure whereby a metal-rich core is enclosed by a silicate mantle, which is itself overlain by a crust containing an outermost layer...
12h
Climate change impacts island communities all over the world. Sea-level rise, an increase in the frequency and intensity of severe weather events, and changes in distribution and health of marine organisms are among the most significant processes affecting island communities worldwide. On islands of the Caribbean and southwestern Indian Ocean...
12h
Intestinal barrier dysfunction, which leads to translocation of bacteria or toxic bacterial products from the gut into bloodstream and results in systemic inflammation, is a key pathogenic factor in many human diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to intestinal barrier defects are not well understood, and there are currently no...
12h
Novel classes of antibiotics and new strategies to prevent and treat infections are urgently needed because the rapid rise in drug-resistant bacterial infections in recent decades has been accompanied by a parallel decline in development of new antibiotics. Membrane permeabilizing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have long been considered a potentially promising,...
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Characterization and prediction of the “flowability” of powders are of paramount importance in many industries. However, our understanding of the flow of powders like cement or flour is sparse compared to the flow of coarse, granular media like sand. The main difficulty arises because of the presence of adhesive forces...
12h
A major ambition of systems science is to uncover the building blocks of any biological network to decipher how cellular function emerges from their interactions. Here, we introduce a graph representation of the information flow in these networks as a set of input trees, one for each node, which contains...
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Daylight vision in most mammals is mediated predominantly by a middle/long wavelength-sensitive (M/LWS) pigment. Although spectral sensitivity and associated shifts in M/LWS are mainly determined by five critical sites, predicted phenotypic variation is rarely validated, and its ecological significance is unclear. We experimentally determine spectral tuning of M/LWS pigments and...
12h
The heart is a metabolically demanding organ with limited energetic reserves to sustain its monumental workload. An efficient blood supply via the coronary vascular network is therefore critical for maintaining efficient cardiac muscle function. The coronary vascular network originates just above the aortic valve, where the right and left main...
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Motile cilia are widespread across the animal and plant kingdoms, displaying complex collective dynamics central to their physiology. Their coordination mechanism is not generally understood, with previous work mainly focusing on algae and protists. We study here the entrainment of cilia beat in multiciliated cells from brain ventricles. The response...
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As they race to devise a vaccine, researchers are trying to ensure that their candidates don’t spur a counterproductive, even dangerous, immune system reaction known as immune enhancement. The teams of researchers scrambling to develop a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine clearly face some big challenges, both scientific and logistical....
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Social scientists are increasingly turning to supervised machine learning (SML), a set of methods optimized for using inputs from data to forecast an unobserved outcome, to offer predictions to aid policy (1). Recent work scrutinizes this approach for its suitability to social science questions (2, 3) as well as its...
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Type I polyketide synthases (T1PKSs) are one of the most extensively studied PKSs, which can act either iteratively or via an assembly-line mechanism. Domains in the T1PKSs can readily be predicted by computational tools based on their highly conserved sequences. However, to distinguish between iterative and noniterative at the module...
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It is well known that society faces a conundrum of dealing with antibiotic drug resistance and future deadly bacteria and infections. These battles involve the rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (1, 2) in hospitals and the general treatment of infections in the population. The process of developing unique and new...
12h
Targeting the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway has become a mainstay for the treatment of ischemic heart disease (1). However, the importance of cholesterol metabolism is not just confined to atherosclerosis, as cholesterol is an essential component of membranes, a precursor for other metabolic pathways, and can fuel tumor growth (2). Understanding...
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The human capacity to compute the likelihood that a decision is correct—known as metacognition—has proven difficult to study in isolation as it usually cooccurs with decision making. Here, we isolated postdecisional from decisional contributions to metacognition by analyzing neural correlates of confidence with multimodal imaging. Healthy volunteers reported their confidence...
12h
The human genome contains more than 3 billion base pairs, and some estimates suggest that nearly 75% of the genome may be transcribed (1), yet only a small fraction (1 to 2%) of the genome that encodes for protein coding regions has been systematically probed for function. The transcribed genome...
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The reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide) is the penultimate step of chlorophyll biosynthesis. In oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, algae, and plants, this reaction can be catalyzed by the light-dependent Pchlide oxidoreductase (LPOR), a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase superfamily sharing a conserved Rossmann fold for NAD(P)H binding and the...
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In bacteria, the first two steps of gene expression—transcription and translation—are spatially and temporally coupled. Uncoupling may lead to the arrest of transcription through RNA polymerase backtracking, which interferes with replication forks, leading to DNA double-stranded breaks and genomic instability. How transcription–translation coupling mitigates these conflicts is unknown. Here we...
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A recent interesting study from Nurunnabi et al. (1) demonstrates that, in vitro, an ionic liquid consisting of choline and geranate (CAGE) generates large lipid microparticles, when coincubated with the model lipid molecule docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Upon application of these preformed CAGE-DHA microparticles to rat intestines ex vivo or orally...
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Working memory (WM) plays an important role in action planning and decision making; however, both the informational content of memory and how that information is used in decisions remain poorly understood. To investigate this, we used a color WM task in which subjects viewed colored stimuli and reported both an...
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MacLean (1) suggests that we place too much emphasis on “formal legal instruments” instead of politics. However, our article (2) does not pose an “either/or” choice; instead, while all aspects of governance remain critical, accelerating environmental change warrants renewed attention to formal legal instruments. Efforts to craft new international and...
12h
Measuring the predictability of life outcomes with a scientific mass collaboration [Social Sciences]
How predictable are life trajectories? We investigated this question with a scientific mass collaboration using the common task method; 160 teams built predictive models for six life outcomes using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a high-quality birth cohort study. Despite using a rich dataset and applying...
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Garmestani et al. (1) observe that the transformation of national and international environmental laws to respond to accelerating climatic changes is unlikely any time soon. In lieu of the political will required to enact new laws, the authors propose tapping the underutilized capacity of existing laws. While greater attention to...
12h
Bioluminescent backlighting and signaling in squids A Humboldt squid shows its colors in the lights of a remotely operated vehicle 300 m below the surface of Monterey Bay. Image credit: © 2010 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). Cephalopods that inhabit the tenebrous depths of the ocean use pigmented cells...
12h
The necroptosis cell death pathway has been implicated in host defense and in the pathology of inflammatory diseases. While phosphorylation of the necroptotic effector pseudokinase Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like (MLKL) by the upstream protein kinase RIPK3 is a hallmark of pathway activation, the precise checkpoints in necroptosis signaling are still...
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DNA polymerase theta mediates an end joining pathway (TMEJ) that repairs chromosome breaks. It requires resection of broken ends to generate long, 3′ single-stranded DNA tails, annealing of complementary sequence segments (microhomologies) in these tails, followed by microhomology-primed synthesis sufficient to resolve broken ends. The means by which microhomologies are...
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Large-bodied mammalian herbivores dominated Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems for several million years before undergoing substantial extinctions and declines during the Late Pleistocene (LP) due to prehistoric human impacts. The decline of large herbivores led to widespread ecological changes due to the loss of their ecological functions, as driven by their unique...
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ECONOMIC SCIENCES, EVOLUTION Correction for “Evolution of social norms and correlated equilibria,” by Bryce Morsky and Erol Akçay, which was first published April 11, 2019; 10.1073/pnas.1817095116 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116, 8834–8839). The authors note that Fig. 3 appeared incorrectly due to an arrangement error during revision. The corrected...
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PERSPECTIVE Correction for “Signaling the trustworthiness of science,” by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Marcia McNutt, Veronique Kiermer, and Richard Sever, which was first published September 23, 2019; 10.1073/pnas.1913039116 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116, 19231–19236). The authors wish to note, “A coding error was uncovered in the survey vendor’s computer-assisted telephone...
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Nearly 20% of tropical forests are within 100 m of a nonforest edge, a consequence of rapid deforestation for agriculture. Despite widespread conversion, roughly 1.2 billion ha of tropical forest remain, constituting the largest terrestrial component of the global carbon budget. Effects of deforestation on carbon dynamics in remnant forests,...
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