Rare case of an upper urinary tract carcinoma (UTUC) in renal pelvis and ureter associated to renal vein thrombosis: diagnostic imaging with CECT, MRI and CEUS Unfortunately, the first name and family names of all the authors have incorrectly been swapped and published in original article.

Echographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath diameter in malarial patients

Encapsulated living worms due to periorbital dirofilariasis: detection with high-resolution sonography Abstract Sonography (US) is commonly required when a superficial lump appears. We present the case of a patient for whom US was highly suggestive of living worms causing a recurrent periorbital mass. After surgery, the final diagnosis was a nodule composed of dirofilariasis larva.

Successful treatment of a venous pseudoaneurysm in a brachiobasilic fistula using ultrasound-guided manual compression: two case reports Abstract A pseudoaneurysm or a false aneurysm is the consequence of a persistent blood leak caused generally by iatrogenic rupture of a vessel wall. In hemodialysis fistula, pseudoaneurysm results from repeated puncturing of the vein at the same site. Surgery and endovascular treatment stay widely used as the treatment of pseudoaneurysm compared to the ultrasound-guided manual compression (UGMC). UGMC is a non-invasive and effective procedure which could be attempted before invasive procedures. We reported two cases of successful treatment of pseudoaneurysm by ultrasound-guided compression. A total thrombosed cavity has been obtained and fistulas could be cannulated in the next session.

Incidental findings during ultrasound of thyroid, breast, testis, uterus and ovary in healthy term neonates Abstract Incidental sonographic findings in thyroid and estrogen-responsive organs have been described in children and adults, but no publications describe incidental findings of these organs in infancy. We describe ultrasound features in thyroid, breast buds, testes, uterus, and ovaries in infants up to 32 weeks old that vary from the expected tissue architecture. Infants described in this paper were enrolled as healthy term neonates in a longitudinal study of normal feeding practices. Radiology reports for ultrasound exams in these infants described a range of findings that are similar to those reported in older populations. Knowledge of these asymptomatic variants occurring in infancy may guide radiologists in interpretation of these findings during clinical exams.

Epicardial fat thickness is significantly increased and related to LDL cholesterol level in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia Abstract Purpose Increased epicardial fat thickness (EFT) is accepted as a risk factfcardiovascular diseases in some studies. There are conflicting results about the relation between plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level and EFT. As well, the relation between EFT and familial hypercholesterolemia is not clearly documented in the literature. Our aim was to investigate EFT in familial hypercholesterolemia patients and to determine which parameters were related to EFT increase. Methods A total of 150 subjects enrolled in our study. Subjects were separated into two groups: 75 hypercholesterolemia patients (16 men, mean age 52.8 ± 7.4 years) and 75 familial hypercholesterolemia patients (26 men, mean age 50.7 ± 9.2 years). Medical history assessments and complete physical examinations were done. Routine laboratory tests and echocardiographic measurements were performed. Results Coronary artery disease frequency was significantly higher in the familial hypercholesterolemia group (p < 0.001). This group had significantly higher TC and LDL-C levels than the hypercholesterolemia group (p < 0.05 for all). EFT values were higher in the familial hypercholesterolemia group, and were significantly different than in the other group (p < 0.001). LDL-C was found to be independently related to EFT in the linear regression analysis. Conclusions Epicardial fat thickness increased in the familial hypercholesterolemia patients. In addition, LDL-C levels were significantly crelated with increased EFT.

Rare case of an upper urinary tract carcinoma (UTUC) in renal pelvis and ureter associated to renal vein thrombosis: diagnostic imaging with CECT, MRI and CEUS Abstract A 58-year-old woman complaining of dyspnea and mild flank pain was admitted to our radiology department after undergoing ultrasonography in another institution. She showed hydronephrosis and left kidney swelling. We performed a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) that confirmed the hydronephrosis and revealed a widely hypoperfused left kidney, a concentric thickening of the proximal ureter, and a slight and diffuse thickening of the renal pelvic wall, with a hyperdense content in the unenhanced CT phase and poor contrast enhancement in the post-contrast phases. A proximal ipsilateral renal vein thrombosis was associated. Non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the CECT findings. At the same time, we performed a contrast-enhanced ultrasonography examination, which proved to be helpful for the characterization of the lesion and for patient management.

Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt: description of four cases and review of the literature Abstract Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (CEPS), also known as Abernethy malformation, is a rare condition in which the splenomesenteric blood drains directly into a systemic vein, bypassing the liver through a complete or partial shunt. The diagnosis is frequently made during childhood in the setting of neonatal cholestasis, hypergalactosemia, failure to thrive, mental retardation or other congenital defects. In adulthood, CEPS is usually found incidentally during diagnostic work-up for abdominal pain, liver test abnormalities, liver nodules, portopulmonary hypertension, portopulmonary syndrome or portosystemic encephalopathy. The diagnosis depends on imaging and portal venography, but sometimes only liver biopsy can be resolutive, demonstrating the absence of venules within the portal areas. Here we report four recent cases of Abernethy malformation diagnosed in young adults, in which ultrasound (US) was the initial imaging technique and allowed to suspect the diagnosis. Furthermore, we reviewed clinical presentations, associated anomalies and treatment of the 310 cases of CEPS previously reported in the literature.

Ulnar nerve instability in the cubital tunnel of asymptomatic volunteers Abstract Purpose Ulnar nerve instability (UNI) in the cubital tunnel is defined as ulnar nerve subluxation or dislocation. It is a common disorder that may be noted in patients with neuropathy or in the asymptomatic. Our prospective, single-site study utilized high-resolution ultrasonography (US) to evaluate the ulnar nerve for cross-sectional area (CSA) and measures of shear-wave elastography (SWE). Mechanical algometry was obtained from the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel to assess pressure pain threshold (PPT). Methods Forty-two asymptomatic subjects (n = 84 elbows) (25 males, 17 females) aged 22–40 were evaluated. Two chiropractic radiologists, both with 4 years of ultrasound experience performed the evaluation. Ulnar nerves in the cubital tunnel were sampled bilaterally in three different elbow positions utilizing US, SWE, and algometry. Descriptive statistics, two-way ANOVA, and rater reliability were utilized for data analysis with p ≤ 0.05. Results Fifty-six percent of our subjects demonstrated UNI. There was a significant increase in CSA in subjects with UNI (subluxation: 0.066 mm2 ± 0.024, p = 0.027; dislocation: 0.067 mm2 ± 0.024, p = 0.003) compared to controls (0.057 mm2 ± 0.017) in all three elbow positions. There were no significant group differences in SWE or algometry. Inter- and intra-observer agreements for CSA of the ulnar nerves within the cubital tunnel were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and demonstrated moderate (ICC 0.54) and excellent (ICC 0.94) reliability. Conclusions Most of the asymptomatic volunteers demonstrated UNI. There was a significant increase in CSA associated with UNI implicating it as a risk factor for ulnar neuropathy in the cubital tunnel. There were no significant changes in ulnar nerve SWE and PPT. Intra-rater agreement was excellent for the CSA assessment of the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel. High-resolution US could be utilized to assess UNI and monitor for progression to ulnar neuropathy.

Hepatocellular carcinoma tumor thrombus entering the inferior vena cava treated with percutaneous RF ablation: a case report Abstract Purpose Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer. In advanced cancer stages (metastatic disease and/or vascular invasion), the generally accepted standard of care is systemic therapy using sorafenib as first-line treatment and, recently, regorafenib and nivolumab as second-line treatment, but the quality of life and the prognosis of patients remain very poor. Our paper reports a case of US-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of both intraparenchymal HCC and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Methods We treated a patient with HCC associated with tumor thrombus extending into vena cava after failure of sorafenib therapy using US-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Results A good radiological and clinical response was observed in association with excellent tolerability. The patient has been followed up for 15 months from the ablation, is alive, and is in a good clinical condition without evidence of tumor recurrence. Conclusion This is the first case in which this minimally invasive percutaneous procedure has been successfully used to treat an HCC thrombus entering the vena cava.