51.
Elife. 2020 Feb 24;9. pii: e55570. doi: 10.7554/eLife.55570.
Estimated effectiveness of symptom and risk screening to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
Abstract
Traveller screening is being used to limit further spread of COVID-19 following its recent emergence, and symptom screening has become a ubiquitous tool in the global response. Previously, we developed a mathematical model to understand factors governing the effectiveness of traveller screening to prevent spread of emerging pathogens (Gostic et al., 2015). Here, we estimate the impact of different screening programs given current knowledge of key COVID-19 life history and epidemiological parameters. Even under best-case assumptions, we estimate that screening will miss more than half of infected people. Breaking down the factors leading to screening successes and failures, we find that most cases missed by screening are fundamentally undetectable, because they have not yet developed symptoms and are unaware they were exposed. Our work underscores the need for measures to limit transmission by individuals who become ill after being missed by a screening program. These findings can support evidence-based policy to combat the spread of COVID-19, and prospective planning to mitigate future emerging pathogens.
© 2020, Gostic et al.
KEYWORDS:
COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; emerging infectious disease; epidemic containment; epidemic control; epidemiology; global health; human; travel screening; virus
52.
J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020 Jan 31;14(1):3-17. doi: 10.3855/jidc.12425.
2019-nCoV (Wuhan virus), a novel Coronavirus: human-to-human transmission, travel-related cases, and vaccine readiness.
Ralph R1, Lew J2, Zeng T3, Francis M4, Xue B5, Roux M6, Toloue Ostadgavahi A7, Rubino S8, Dawe NJ9, Al-Ahdal MN10, Kelvin DJ11, Richardson CD12, Kindrachuk J13, Falzarano D14, Kelvin AA15.
Abstract
On 31 December 2019 the Wuhan Health Commission reported a cluster of atypical pneumonia cases that was linked to a wet market in the city of Wuhan, China. The first patients began experiencing symptoms of illness in mid-December 2019. Clinical isolates were found to contain a novel coronavirus with similarity to bat coronaviruses. As of 28 January 2020, there are in excess of 4,500 laboratory-confirmed cases, with > 100 known deaths. As with the SARS-CoV, infections in children appear to be rare. Travel-related cases have been confirmed in multiple countries and regions outside mainland China including Germany, France, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Canada, and the United States, as well as Hong Kong and Taiwan. Domestically in China, the virus has also been noted in several cities and provinces with cases in all but one provinence. While zoonotic transmission appears to be the original source of infections, the most alarming development is that human-to-human transmission is now prevelant. Of particular concern is that many healthcare workers have been infected in the current epidemic. There are several critical clinical questions that need to be resolved, including how efficient is human-to-human transmission? What is the animal reservoir? Is there an intermediate animal reservoir? Do the vaccines generated to the SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV or their proteins offer protection against 2019-nCoV? We offer a research perspective on the next steps for the generation of vaccines. We also present data on the use of in silico docking in gaining insight into 2019-nCoV Spike-receptor binding to aid in therapeutic development. Diagnostic PCR protocols can be found at https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus/laboratory-diagnostics-for-novel-coronavirus.
Copyright (c) 2020 Robyn Ralph, Jocelyn Lew, Tiansheng Zeng, Magie Francis, Bei Xue, Melissa Roux, Ali Toloue Ostadgavahi, Salvatore Rubino, Mohammed N Al-Ahdal, David J Kelvin, Christopher D Richardson, Jason Kindrachuk, Darryl Falzarano, Alyson Anne Kelvin.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; Wuhan; coronavirus; human-to-human transmission; vaccine readiness
53.
J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020 Jan 31;14(1):1-2. doi: 10.3855/jidc.12496.
Fear of the novel coronavirus.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; china; outbreak
Comment on
- A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. [N Engl J Med. 2020]
54.
Microbes Infect. 2020 Mar;22(2):86-91. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.02.004. Epub 2020 Feb 20.
Lessons learned from the 2019-nCoV epidemic on prevention of future infectious diseases.
Abstract
Only a month after the outbreak of pneumonia caused by 2019-nCoV, more than forty-thousand people were infected. This put enormous pressure on the Chinese government, medical healthcare provider, and the general public, but also made the international community deeply nervous. On the 25th day after the outbreak, the Chinese government implemented strict traffic restrictions on the area where the 2019-nCoV had originated-Hubei province, whose capital city is Wuhan. Ten days later, the rate of increase of cases in Hubei showed a significant difference (p = 0.0001) compared with the total rate of increase in other provinces of China. These preliminary data suggest the effectiveness of a traffic restriction policy for this pandemic thus far. At the same time, solid financial support and improved research ability, along with network communication technology, also greatly facilitated the application of epidemic prevention measures. These measures were motivated by the need to provide effective treatment of patients, and involved consultation with three major groups in policy formulation-public health experts, the government, and the general public. It was also aided by media and information technology, as well as international cooperation. This experience will provide China and other countries with valuable lessons for quickly coordinating and coping with future public health emergencies.
Copyright © 2020 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; Government; Public health emergency; Traffic restriction
55.
Microbes Infect. 2020 Mar;22(2):80-85. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.02.002. Epub 2020 Feb 20.
The epidemic of 2019-novel-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia and insights for emerging infectious diseases in the future.
Abstract
At the end of December 2019, a novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, caused an outbreak of pneumonia spreading from Wuhan, Hubei province, to the whole country of China, which has posed great threats to public health and attracted enormous attention around the world. To date, there are no clinically approved vaccines or antiviral drugs available for these human coronavirus infections. Intensive research on the novel emerging human infectious coronaviruses is urgently needed to elucidate their route of transmission and pathogenic mechanisms, and to identify potential drug targets, which would promote the development of effective preventive and therapeutic countermeasures. Herein, we describe the epidemic and etiological characteristics of 2019-nCoV, discuss its essential biological features, including tropism and receptor usage, summarize approaches for disease prevention and treatment, and speculate on the transmission route of 2019-nCoV.
Copyright © 2020 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; ACE2; Bat; Pneumonia; SARS-CoV; Spike
56.
Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Apr;5(4):335-337. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30048-0. Epub 2020 Feb 20.
Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible?
57.
Br J Ophthalmol. 2020 Mar;104(3):297-298. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-315994.
Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The importance of recognising possible early ocular manifestation and using protective eyewear.
KEYWORDS:
conjunctiva; epidemiology; infection; public health
58.
J Korean Med Sci. 2020 Feb 24;35(7):e89. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e89.
The Author's Response: Case of the Index Patient Who Caused Tertiary Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea: the Application of Lopinavir/Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia Monitored by Quantitative RT-PCR.
Comment on
59.
Biosci Trends. 2020 Mar 16;14(1):72-73. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01047. Epub 2020 Feb 19.
Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies.
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus is spreading rapidly, and scientists are endeavoring to discover drugs for its efficacious treatment in China. Chloroquine phosphate, an old drug for treatment of malaria, is shown to have apparent efficacy and acceptable safety against COVID-19 associated pneumonia in multicenter clinical trials conducted in China. The drug is recommended to be included in the next version of the Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Pneumonia Caused by COVID-19 issued by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China for treatment of COVID-19 infection in larger populations in the future.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; chloroquine; pneumonia
60.
J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):461-463. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25711. Epub 2020 Mar 1.
The course of clinical diagnosis and treatment of a case infected with coronavirus disease 2019.
Han W1, Quan B2, Guo Y3, Zhang J4, Lu Y5, Feng G1, Wu Q1, Fang F1, Cheng L1, Jiao N6, Li X1, Chen Q7.
KEYWORDS:
COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; lopinavir and ritonavir tablets; severe respiratory syndrome
Comment on
- A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. [N Engl J Med. 2020]
61.
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar;55(3):105923. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105923. Epub 2020 Feb 15.
Chloroquine for the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
Comment on
62.
Euro Surveill. 2020 Feb;25(6). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2002131.
Latest updates on COVID-19 from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.
- PMID:
- 32070466
- PMCID:
- PMC7029450
- DOI:
- 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2002131
- [Indexed for MEDLINE]
63.
Euro Surveill. 2020 Feb;25(6). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2000094.
First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in France: surveillance, investigations and control measures, January 2020.
Bernard Stoecklin S1, Rolland P2, Silue Y3, Mailles A1, Campese C1, Simondon A4, Mechain M5, Meurice L6, Nguyen M5, Bassi C3, Yamani E4, Behillil S7, Ismael S8, Nguyen D9, Malvy D10,9, Lescure FX11,8, Georges S1, Lazarus C12, Tabaï A13, Stempfelet M13, Enouf V7, Coignard B1, Levy-Bruhl D1, Investigation Team14.
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) causing a cluster of respiratory infections (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, was identified on 7 January 2020. The epidemic quickly disseminated from Wuhan and as at 12 February 2020, 45,179 cases have been confirmed in 25 countries, including 1,116 deaths. Strengthened surveillance was implemented in France on 10 January 2020 in order to identify imported cases early and prevent secondary transmission. Three categories of risk exposure and follow-up procedure were defined for contacts. Three cases of COVID-19 were confirmed on 24 January, the first cases in Europe. Contact tracing was immediately initiated. Five contacts were evaluated as at low risk of exposure and 18 at moderate/high risk. As at 12 February 2020, two cases have been discharged and the third one remains symptomatic with a persistent cough, and no secondary transmission has been identified. Effective collaboration between all parties involved in the surveillance and response to emerging threats is required to detect imported cases early and to implement adequate control measures.
KEYWORDS:
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, 2019-nCov; France; Surveillance; contact tracing; containment; coronavirus
- PMID:
- 32070465
- PMCID:
- PMC7029452
- DOI:
- 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2000094
- [Indexed for MEDLINE]
64.
Infect Dis Poverty. 2020 Feb 17;9(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-0621-x.
The association between internal migration and pulmonary tuberculosis in China, 2005-2015: a spatial analysis.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Internal migration places individuals at high risk of contracting tuberculosis (TB). However, there is a scarcity of national-level spatial analyses regarding the association between TB and internal migration in China. In our research, we aimed to explore the spatial variation in cases of sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB (SS + PTB) in China; and the associations between SS + PTB, internal migration, socioeconomic factors, and demographic factors in the country between 2005 and 2015.
METHODS:
Reported cases of SS + PTB were obtained from the national PTB surveillance system database; cases were obtained at the provincial level. Internal migration data were extracted from the national population sampling survey and the census. Spatial autocorrelations were explored using the global Moran's statistic and local indicators of spatial association. The spatial temporal analysis was performed using Kulldorff's scan statistic. Fixed effects regression was used to explore the association between SS + PTB and internal migration.
RESULTS:
A total of 4 708 563 SS + PTB cases were reported in China between 2005 and 2015, of which 3 376 011 (71.7%) were male and 1 332 552 (28.3%) were female. There was a trend towards decreasing rates of SS + PTB notifications between 2005 and 2015. The result of global spatial autocorrelation indicated that there were significant spatial correlations between SS + PTB rate and internal migration each year (2005-2015). Spatial clustering of SS + PTB cases was mainly located in central and southern China and overlapped with the clusters of emigration. The proportions of emigrants and immigrants were significantly associated with SS + PTB. Per capita GDP and education level were negatively associated with SS + PTB. The internal migration flow maps indicated that migrants preferred neighboring provinces, with most migrating for work or business.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study found a significant spatial autocorrelation between SS + PTB and internal migration. Both emigration and immigration were statistically associated with SS + PTB, and the association with emigration was stronger than that for immigration. Further, we found that SS + PTB clusters overlapped with emigration clusters, and the internal migration flow maps suggested that migrants from SS + PTB clusters may influence the TB epidemic characteristics of neighboring provinces. These findings can help stakeholders to implement effective PTB control strategies for areas at high risk of PTB and those with high rates of internal migrants.
KEYWORDS:
China; Internal migration; Pulmonary tuberculosis; Spatial analysis
- PMID:
- 32063228
- PMCID:
- PMC7025414
- DOI:
- 10.1186/s40249-020-0621-x
- [Indexed for MEDLINE]
65.
Biosci Trends. 2020 Mar 16;14(1):3-8. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01043. Epub 2020 Feb 17.
Challenges to the system of reserve medical supplies for public health emergencies: reflections on the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic in China.
Abstract
On December 31, 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission announced an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), China is now at a critical period in the control of the epidemic. The Chinese Government has been taking a series of rapid, comprehensive, and effective prevention and control measures. As the pandemic has developed, a fact has become apparent: there is a serious dearth of emergency medical supplies, and especially an extreme shortage of personal protective equipment such as masks and medical protective clothing. This is one of the major factors affecting the progress of epidemic prevention and control. Although China has made great efforts to strengthen the ability to quickly respond to public health emergencies since the SARS outbreak in 2003 and it has clarified requirements for emergency supplies through legislation, the emergency reserve supplies program has not been effectively implemented, and there are also deficiencies in the types, quantity, and availability of emergency medical supplies. A sound system of emergency reserve supplies is crucial to the management of public health emergencies. Based on international experiences with pandemic control, the world should emphasize improving the system of emergency reserve medical supplies in the process of establishing and improving public health emergency response systems, and it should promote the establishment of international cooperative programs to jointly deal with public health emergencies of international concern in the future.
KEYWORDS:
COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; medical supplies; public health emergency
66.
J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):491-494. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25709. Epub 2020 Feb 21.
Overlapping and discrete aspects of the pathology and pathogenesis of the emerging human pathogenic coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV.
Liu J1,2, Zheng X1,2, Tong Q1, Li W1, Wang B1,2, Sutter K3,2, Trilling M3,2, Lu M3,2, Dittmer U3,2, Yang D1,2.
Abstract
First reported from Wuhan, The People's Republic of China, on 31 December 2019, the ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causes great global concerns. Based on the advice of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee and the fact that to date 24 other countries also reported cases, the WHO Director-General declared that the outbreak of 2019-nCoV constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020. Together with the other two highly pathogenic coronaviruses, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), 2019-nCov and other yet to be identified coronaviruses pose a global threat to public health. In this mini-review, we provide a brief introduction to the pathology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and extrapolate this knowledge to the newly identified 2019-nCoV.
© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KEYWORDS:
coronavirus; immnopathology; immune responses; pathogenesis; respiratory tract; virus classification
67.
J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):476-478. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25708. Epub 2020 Feb 24.
Does SARS-CoV-2 has a longer incubation period than SARS and MERS?
Abstract
The outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) since December 2019 in Wuhan, the major transportation hub in central China, became an emergency of major international concern. While several etiological studies have begun to reveal the specific biological features of this virus, the epidemic characteristics need to be elucidated. Notably, a long incubation time was reported to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to adjustments in screening and control policies. To avoid the risk of virus spread, all potentially exposed subjects are required to be isolated for 14 days, which is the longest predicted incubation time. However, based on our analysis of a larger dataset available so far, we find there is no observable difference between the incubation time for SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), highlighting the need for larger and well-annotated datasets.
© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KEYWORDS:
coronavirus; incubation; local infection/replication/spread; pandemic; virulence
68.
Trop Med Int Health. 2020 Mar;25(3):278-280. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13383. Epub 2020 Feb 16.
The COVID-19 epidemic.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; COVID-19; Epidemic; SARS-CoV2; Wuhan
69.
J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):479-490. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25707. Epub 2020 Mar 3.
Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review.
Abstract
An outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19 or 2019-CoV) infection has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. In the absence of treatment for this virus, there is an urgent need to find alternative methods to control the spread of disease. Here, we have conducted an online search for all treatment options related to coronavirus infections as well as some RNA-virus infection and we have found that general treatments, coronavirus-specific treatments, and antiviral treatments should be useful in fighting COVID-19. We suggest that the nutritional status of each infected patient should be evaluated before the administration of general treatments and the current children's RNA-virus vaccines including influenza vaccine should be immunized for uninfected people and health care workers. In addition, convalescent plasma should be given to COVID-19 patients if it is available. In conclusion, we suggest that all the potential interventions be implemented to control the emerging COVID-19 if the infection is uncontrollable.
© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KEYWORDS:
2019-CoV; COVID-19; MERS; SARS; coronavirus; potential interventions
70.
Singapore Med J. 2020 Feb;61(2):55-57. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2020018. Epub 2020 Feb 13.
Outbreak of COVID-19 - an urgent need for good science to silence our fears?
71.
J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):473-475. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25706. Epub 2020 Feb 18.
Economic impacts of Wuhan 2019-nCoV on China and the world.
72.
Euro Surveill. 2020 Feb;25(5). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062.
Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20-28 January 2020.
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is causing an outbreak of viral pneumonia that started in Wuhan, China. Using the travel history and symptom onset of 88 confirmed cases that were detected outside Wuhan in the early outbreak phase, we estimate the mean incubation period to be 6.4 days (95% credible interval: 5.6-7.7), ranging from 2.1 to 11.1 days (2.5th to 97.5th percentile). These values should help inform 2019-nCoV case definitions and appropriate quarantine durations.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; Wuhan; exposure; incubation period; novel coronavirus; symptom onset
- PMID:
- 32046819
- PMCID:
- PMC7014672
- DOI:
- 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062
- [Indexed for MEDLINE]
73.
Euro Surveill. 2020 Feb;25(5). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000080.
Effectiveness of airport screening at detecting travellers infected with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
Erratum in
- Erratum for Euro Surveill. 2020;25(5). [Euro Surveill. 2020]
Abstract
We evaluated effectiveness of thermal passenger screening for 2019-nCoV infection at airport exit and entry to inform public health decision-making. In our baseline scenario, we estimated that 46% (95% confidence interval: 36 to 58) of infected travellers would not be detected, depending on incubation period, sensitivity of exit and entry screening, and proportion of asymptomatic cases. Airport screening is unlikely to detect a sufficient proportion of 2019-nCoV infected travellers to avoid entry of infected travellers.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; airport screening; effectiveness; emerging infections; interventions; surveillance; thermal scanning
- PMID:
- 32046816
- PMCID:
- PMC7014668
- DOI:
- 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000080
- [Indexed for MEDLINE]
74.
Euro Surveill. 2020 Feb;25(6). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2000110. Epub 2020 Feb 11.
Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV, coronavirus, emerging infections, response, air-borne infections; emerging or re-emerging diseases; viral infections
- PMID:
- 32046814
- PMCID:
- PMC7029449
- DOI:
- 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2000110
- [Indexed for MEDLINE]
75.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Jan - Feb;33:101578. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101578. Epub 2020 Feb 8.
Going global - Travel and the 2019 novel coronavirus.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; Coronaviruses; Epidemic; Travelers
76.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Jan - Feb;33:101574. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101574. Epub 2020 Feb 7.
Maps, masks and media - Traveller and practitioner resources for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) acute respiratory virus.
77.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Mar;20(3):280. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30068-2. Epub 2020 Feb 7.
Pandemic potential of 2019-nCoV.
Comment on
78.
Intensive Care Med. 2020 Feb;46(2):315-328. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05943-5. Epub 2020 Feb 10.
Critical care management of adults with community-acquired severe respiratory viral infection.
Abstract
With the expanding use of molecular assays, viral pathogens are increasingly recognized among critically ill adult patients with community-acquired severe respiratory illness; studies have detected respiratory viral infections (RVIs) in 17-53% of such patients. In addition, novel pathogens including zoonotic coronaviruses like the agents causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019 nCoV) are still being identified. Patients with severe RVIs requiring ICU care present typically with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Oseltamivir is the most widely used neuraminidase inhibitor for treatment of influenza; data suggest that early use is associated with reduced mortality in critically ill patients with influenza. At present, there are no antiviral therapies of proven efficacy for other severe RVIs. Several adjunctive pharmacologic interventions have been studied for their immunomodulatory effects, including macrolides, corticosteroids, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, sirolimus, statins, anti-influenza immune plasma, and vitamin C, but none is recommended at present in severe RVIs. Evidence-based supportive care is the mainstay for management of severe respiratory viral infection. Non-invasive ventilation in patients with severe RVI causing acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and pneumonia is associated with a high likelihood of transition to invasive ventilation. Limited existing knowledge highlights the need for data regarding supportive care and adjunctive pharmacologic therapy that is specific for critically ill patients with severe RVI. There is a need for more pragmatic and efficient designs to test different therapeutics both individually and in combination.
KEYWORDS:
Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Antiviral therapy; Coronavirus; Influenza; Neuraminidase inhibitor
79.
Biosci Trends. 2020 Mar 16;14(1):64-68. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01030. Epub 2020 Feb 9.
Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment.
Abstract
Pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is continuously and rapidly circulating at present. No effective antiviral treatment has been verified thus far. We report here the clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four patients with mild or severe 2019-nCoV pneumonia admitted to Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. All the patients were given antiviral treatment including lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra®), arbidol, and Shufeng Jiedu Capsule (SFJDC, a traditional Chinese medicine) and other necessary support care. After treatment, three patients gained significant improvement in pneumonia associated symptoms, two of whom were confirmed 2019-nCoV negative and discharged, and one of whom was virus negative at the first test. The remaining patient with severe pneumonia had shown signs of improvement by the cutoff date for data collection. Results obtained in the current study may provide clues for treatment of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. The efficacy of antiviral treatment including lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, and SFJDC warrants further verification in future study.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; Shufeng Jiedu Capsule; arbidol; lopinavir; ritonavir
80.
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020007. doi: 10.4178/epih.e2020007. Epub 2020 Feb 9.
Epidemiologic characteristics of early cases with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease in Korea.
Abstract
In about 20 days since the diagnosis of the first case of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Korea on January 20, 2020, 28 cases have been confirmed. Fifteen patients (53.6%) of them were male and median age of was 42 years (range, 20-73). Of the confirmed cases, 16, 9, and 3 were index (57.2%), first-generation (32.1%), and second-generation (10.7%) cases, respectively. All first-generation and second-generation patients were family members or intimate acquaintances of the index cases with close contacts. Fifteen among 16 index patients had entered Korea from January 19 to 24, 2020 while 1 patient had entered Korea on January 31, 2020. The average incubation period was 3.9 days (median, 3.0), and the reproduction number was estimated as 0.48. Three of the confirmed patients were asymptomatic when they were diagnosed. Epidemiological indicators will be revised with the availability of additional data in the future. Sharing epidemiological information among researchers worldwide is essential for efficient preparation and response in tackling this new infectious disease.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; Epidemiology; Isolation; Korea; Outbreak; Quarantine
81.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Jan - Feb;33:101572. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101572. Epub 2020 Feb 5.
What goes on board aircraft? Passengers include Aedes, Anopheles, 2019-nCoV, dengue, Salmonella, Zika, et al.
82.
Microbes Infect. 2020 Mar;22(2):69-71. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.004. Epub 2020 Feb 4.
Pathogenicity and transmissibility of 2019-nCoV-A quick overview and comparison with other emerging viruses.
Chen J1.
Abstract
A zoonotic coronavirus, tentatively labeled as 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO), has been identified as the causative agent of the viral pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019. Although 2019-nCoV can cause a severe respiratory illness like SARS and MERS, evidence from clinics suggested that 2019-nCoV is generally less pathogenic than SARS-CoV, and much less than MERS-CoV. The transmissibility of 2019-nCoV is still debated and needs to be further assessed. To avoid the 2019-nCoV outbreak turning into an epidemic or even a pandemic and to minimize the mortality rate, China activated emergency response procedures, but much remains to be learned about the features of the virus to refine the risk assessment and response. Here, the current knowledge in 2019-nCoV pathogenicity and transmissibility is summarized in comparison with several commonly known emerging viruses, and information urgently needed for a better control of the disease is highlighted.
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
ACE2; Basic reproduction number (R(0)); Case fatality rate; Novel coronavirus infection; SARS
83.
J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):522-528. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25700. Epub 2020 Feb 19.
Genomic variance of the 2019-nCoV coronavirus.
Abstract
There is a rising global concern for the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Full genomic sequences have been released by the worldwide scientific community in the last few weeks to understand the evolutionary origin and molecular characteristics of this virus. Taking advantage of all the genomic information currently available, we constructed a phylogenetic tree including also representatives of other coronaviridae, such as Bat coronavirus (BCoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome. We confirm high sequence similarity (>99%) between all sequenced 2019-nCoVs genomes available, with the closest BCoV sequence sharing 96.2% sequence identity, confirming the notion of a zoonotic origin of 2019-nCoV. Despite the low heterogeneity of the 2019-nCoV genomes, we could identify at least two hypervariable genomic hotspots, one of which is responsible for a Serine/Leucine variation in the viral ORF8-encoded protein. Finally, we perform a full proteomic comparison with other coronaviridae, identifying key aminoacidic differences to be considered for antiviral strategies deriving from previous anti-coronavirus approaches.
© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KEYWORDS:
CLUSTAL analysis; biostatistics & bioinformatics; coronavirus; data visualization; virus classification
84.
J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):501-511. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25701. Epub 2020 Feb 14.
Transmission dynamics and evolutionary history of 2019-nCoV.
Abstract
To investigate the time origin, genetic diversity, and transmission dynamics of the recent 2019-nCoV outbreak in China and beyond, a total of 32 genomes of virus strains sampled from China, Thailand, and the USA with sampling dates between 24 December 2019 and 23 January 2020 were analyzed. Phylogenetic, transmission network, and likelihood-mapping analyses of the genome sequences were performed. On the basis of the likelihood-mapping analysis, the increasing tree-like signals (from 0% to 8.2%, 18.2%, and 25.4%) over time may be indicative of increasing genetic diversity of 2019-nCoV in human hosts. We identified three phylogenetic clusters using the Bayesian inference framework and three transmission clusters using transmission network analysis, with only one cluster identified by both methods using the above genome sequences of 2019-nCoV strains. The estimated mean evolutionary rate for 2019-nCoV ranged from 1.7926 × 10-3 to 1.8266 × 10-3 substitutions per site per year. On the basis of our study, undertaking epidemiological investigations and genomic data surveillance could positively impact public health in terms of guiding prevention efforts to reduce 2019-nCOV transmission in real-time.
© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; TMRCA; evolutionary rate; phylogenetic cluster; time to most recent common ancestor; transmission cluster
85.
Chembiochem. 2020 Mar 2;21(5):730-738. doi: 10.1002/cbic.202000047. Epub 2020 Feb 25.
Learning from the Past: Possible Urgent Prevention and Treatment Options for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections Caused by 2019-nCoV.
Abstract
With the current trajectory of the 2019-nCoV outbreak unknown, public health and medicinal measures will both be needed to contain spreading of the virus and to optimize patient outcomes. Although little is known about the virus, an examination of the genome sequence shows strong homology with its better-studied cousin, SARS-CoV. The spike protein used for host cell infection shows key nonsynonymous mutations that might hamper the efficacy of previously developed therapeutics but remains a viable target for the development of biologics and macrocyclic peptides. Other key drug targets, including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and coronavirus main proteinase (3CLpro), share a strikingly high (>95 %) homology to SARS-CoV. Herein, we suggest four potential drug candidates (an ACE2-based peptide, remdesivir, 3CLpro-1 and a novel vinylsulfone protease inhibitor) that could be used to treat patients suffering with the 2019-nCoV. We also summarize previous efforts into drugging these targets and hope to help in the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronaviral agents for future epidemics.
© 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; 3CLpro; RdRp; SARS; antiviral agents; coronavirus; spike proteins
86.
J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):495-500. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25698. Epub 2020 Mar 3.
Immunoinformatics-aided identification of T cell and B cell epitopes in the surface glycoprotein of 2019-nCoV.
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak has caused a large number of deaths with thousands of confirmed cases worldwide, especially in East Asia. This study took an immunoinformatics approach to identify significant cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and B cell epitopes in the 2019-nCoV surface glycoprotein. Also, interactions between identified CTL epitopes and their corresponding major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I supertype representatives prevalent in China were studied by molecular dynamics simulations. We identified five CTL epitopes, three sequential B cell epitopes and five discontinuous B cell epitopes in the viral surface glycoprotein. Also, during simulations, the CTL epitopes were observed to be binding MHC class I peptide-binding grooves via multiple contacts, with continuous hydrogen bonds and salt bridge anchors, indicating their potential in generating immune responses. Some of these identified epitopes can be potential candidates for the development of 2019-nCoV vaccines.
© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; epitope prediction; immunoinformatics
87.
J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):518-521. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25699. Epub 2020 Feb 12.
The first two cases of 2019-nCoV in Italy: Where they come from?
Abstract
A novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, has been identified as the causal pathogen of an ongoing epidemic, with the first cases reported in Wuhan, China, last December 2019, and has since spread to other countries worldwide, included Europe and very recently Italy. In this short report, phylogenetic reconstruction was used to better understand the transmission dynamics of the virus from its first introduction in China focusing on the more recent evidence of infection in a couple of Chinese tourists arrived in Italy on 23rd January 2020 and labeled as Coronavirus Italian cases. A maximum clade credibility tree has been built using a dataset of 54 genome sequences of 2019-nCoV plus two closely related bat strains (SARS-like CoV) available in GenBank. Bayesian time-scaled phylogenetic analysis was implemented in BEAST 1.10.4. The Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction showed that 2019-2020 nCoV firstly introduced in Wuhan on 25 November 2019, started epidemic transmission reaching many countries worldwide, including Europe and Italy where the two strains isolated dated back 19 January 2020, the same that the Chinese tourists arrived in Italy. Strains isolated outside China were intermixed with strains isolated in China as evidence of likely imported cases in Rome, Italy, and Europe, as well. In conclusion, this report suggests that further spread of 2019-nCoV epidemic was supported by human mobility and that quarantine of suspected or diagnosed cases is useful to prevent further transmission. Viral genome phylogenetic analysis represents a useful tool for the evaluation of transmission dynamics and preventive action.
© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
KEYWORDS:
engineering and technology; epidemiology; infection; macromolecular design
88.
Euro Surveill. 2020 Jan;25(4). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058.
Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020.
Erratum in
- Author's correction for Euro Surveill. 2020;25(4). [Euro Surveill. 2020]
Abstract
Since December 2019, China has been experiencing a large outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) which can cause respiratory disease and severe pneumonia. We estimated the basic reproduction number R0 of 2019-nCoV to be around 2.2 (90% high density interval: 1.4-3.8), indicating the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. Transmission characteristics appear to be of similar magnitude to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and pandemic influenza, indicating a risk of global spread.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; Wuhan; coronavirus; emerging infectious disease; mathematical modelling
- PMID:
- 32019669
- PMCID:
- PMC7001239
- DOI:
- 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058
- [Indexed for MEDLINE]
89.
Euro Surveill. 2020 Jan;25(4). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000057.
Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) early-stage importation risk to Europe, January 2020.
Abstract
As at 27 January 2020, 42 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cases were confirmed outside China. We estimate the risk of case importation to Europe from affected areas in China via air travel. We consider travel restrictions in place, three reported cases in France, one in Germany. Estimated risk in Europe remains high. The United Kingdom, Germany and France are at highest risk. Importation from Beijing and Shanghai would lead to higher and widespread risk for Europe.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; Europe; importation risk; travel ban
- PMID:
- 32019667
- PMCID:
- PMC7001240
- DOI:
- 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000057
- [Indexed for MEDLINE]
90.
Euro Surveill. 2020 Feb;25(5). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.200131e. Epub 2020 Jan 31.
Note from the editors: World Health Organization declares novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) sixth public health emergency of international concern.
- PMID:
- 32019636
- PMCID:
- PMC7014669
- DOI:
- 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.200131e
- [Indexed for MEDLINE]
91.
Microbes Infect. 2020 Mar;22(2):74-79. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.01.003. Epub 2020 Feb 1.
Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China.
Abstract
On 10 January 2020, a new coronavirus causing a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan City in central China was denoted as 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO). As of 24 January 2020, there were 887 confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV infection, including 26 deaths, reported in China and other countries. Therefore, combating this new virus and stopping the epidemic is a matter of urgency. Here, we focus on advances in research and development of fast diagnosis methods, as well as potential prophylactics and therapeutics to prevent or treat 2019-nCoV infection.
Copyright © 2020 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; Diagnosis; Preventive; Therapeutic
92.
Infect Genet Evol. 2020 Apr;79:104211. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104211. Epub 2020 Jan 30.
Novel coronavirus: From discovery to clinical diagnostics.
Phan T1.
Abstract
A novel coronavirus designated as 2019-nCoV first appeared in Wuhan, China in late December 2019. Dozens of people died in China, and thousands of people infected as 2019-nCoV continues to spread around the world. We have described the discovery, emergence, genomic characteristics, and clinical diagnostics of 2019-nCoV.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
Bat; China; Pneumonia; coronavirus
93.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Jan - Feb;33:101567. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101567. Epub 2020 Jan 30.
The next big threat to global health? 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): What advice can we give to travellers? - Interim recommendations January 2020, from the Latin-American society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI).
KEYWORDS:
2019 novel Coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; Coronaviruses; Latin America; Travelers
94.
Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Jan - Feb;33:101568. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101568. Epub 2020 Jan 30.
The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven correlational report.
95.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Feb 15;201(4):P7-P8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.2014P7.
Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) Coronavirus.
96.
J Infect. 2020 Mar;80(3):350-371. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.01.014. Epub 2020 Jan 28.
Emergence of a novel coronavirus causing respiratory illness from Wuhan, China.
97.
Biosci Trends. 2020 Mar 16;14(1):69-71. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01020. Epub 2020 Jan 28.
Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV).
Abstract
As of January 22, 2020, a total of 571 cases of the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) have been reported in 25 provinces (districts and cities) in China. At present, there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for human and animal coronavirus, so that identifying the drug treatment options as soon as possible is critical for the response to the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Three general methods, which include existing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs using standard assays, screening of a chemical library containing many existing compounds or databases, and the redevelopment of new specific drugs based on the genome and biophysical understanding of individual coronaviruses, are used to discover the potential antiviral treatment of human pathogen coronavirus. Lopinavir /Ritonavir, Nucleoside analogues, Neuraminidase inhibitors, Remdesivir, peptide (EK1), abidol, RNA synthesis inhibitors (such as TDF, 3TC), anti-inflammatory drugs (such as hormones and other molecules), Chinese traditional medicine, such ShuFengJieDu Capsules and Lianhuaqingwen Capsule, could be the drug treatment options for 2019-nCoV. However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019- nCoV still need to be further confirmed by clinical experiments.
KEYWORDS:
2019-nCoV; Coronaviruses; pneumonia
98.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1251:115-121. doi: 10.1007/5584_2019_462.
Epidemic Influenza Seasons from 2008 to 2018 in Poland: A Focused Review of Virological Characteristics.
Abstract
The objective of this review was to elaborate on changes in the virological characteristics of influenza seasons in Poland in the past decade. The elaboration was based on the international influenza surveillance system consisting of Sentinel and non-Sentinel programs, recently adopted by Poland, in which professionals engaged in health care had reported tens of thousands of cases of acute upper airway infections. The reporting was followed by the provision of biological specimens collected from patients with suspected influenza and influenza-like infection, in which the causative contagion was then verified with molecular methods. The peak incidence of influenza infections has regularly been in January-March each epidemic season. The number of tested specimens ranged from 2066 to 8367 per season from 2008/2009 to 2017/2018. Type A virus predominated in nine out of the ten seasons and type B virus of the Yamagata lineage in the 2017/2018 season. Concerning the influenza-like infection, respiratory syncytial virus predominated in all the seasons. There was a sharp increase in the proportion of laboratory confirmations of influenza infection from season to season in relation to the number of specimens examined, from 3.2% to 42.4% over the decade. The number of confirmations, enabling a prompt commencement of antiviral treatment, related to the number of specimens collected from patients and on the virological situation in a given season. Yet influenza remains a health scourge, with a dismally low yearly vaccination rate, which recently reaches just about 3.5% of the general population in Poland.
KEYWORDS:
Diagnostics; Epidemic seasons; Influenza; Sentinel program; Surveillance; Virological characteristics
99.
Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Mar;92:228-233. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.018. Epub 2020 Jan 22.
The utility of serial procalcitonin measurements in addition to pneumonia severity scores in hospitalised community-acquired pneumonia: A multicentre, prospective study.
Ito A1, Ito I2, Inoue D3, Marumo S4, Ueda T5, Nakagawa H6, Taki M7, Nakagawa A8, Tatsumi S9, Nishimura T10, Shiota T11, Ishida T12.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
The usefulness of serial procalcitonin (PCT) measurements for predicting the prognosis and treatment efficacy for hospitalised community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients was investigated.
METHODS:
This prospective, multicentre, cohort study enrolled consecutive CAP patients who were hospitalised at 10 hospitals in western Japan from September 2013 to September 2016. PCT and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured on admission (PCT D1 and CRP D1), within 48-72 h after admission (PCT D3 and CRP D3), and within 144-192 h after admission. CURB-65 and the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) were assessed on admission. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality; secondary outcomes were early and late treatment failure rates.
RESULTS:
A total of 710 patients were included. The 30-day mortality rate was 3.1%. On multivariate analysis, only PCT D3/D1 ratio >1 [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 4.33 (1.46-12.82),P = 0.008] and PSI [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 2.32 (1.07-5.03), P = 0.03] were significant prognostic factors. Regarding treatment efficacy, PCT D3/D1 >1 was a significant predictor of early treatment failure on multivariate analysis. PCT D3/D1 with the PSI significantly improved the prognostic accuracy over that of the PSI alone.
CONCLUSIONS:
PCT should be measured consecutively, not only on admission, to predict the prognosis and treatment efficacy in CAP.
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
Biomarker; C-reactive protein; Pneumonia; Procalcitonin; Prognosis
100.
Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Mar;92:208-213. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.017. Epub 2020 Jan 21.
Influenza A-associated severe pneumonia in hospitalized patients: Risk factors and NAI treatments.
Zou Q1, Zheng S2, Wang X1, Liu S3, Bao J1, Yu F1, Wu W4, Wang X5, Shen B6, Zhou T7, Zhao Z8, Wang Y9, Chen R10, Wang W11, Ma J12, Li Y13, Wu X14, Shen W15, Xie F16, Vijaykrishna D17, Chen Y18.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
The risk factors and the impact of NAI treatments in patients with severe influenza A-associated pneumonia remain unclear.
METHODS:
A multicenter, retrospective, observational study was conducted in Zhejiang, China during a severe influenza epidemic in August 2017-May 2018. Clinical records of patients (>14 y) hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza A virus infection and who developed severe pneumonia were compared to those with mild-to-moderate pneumonia. Risk factors related to pneumonia severity and effects of NAI treatments (monotherapy and combination of peramivir and oseltamivir) were analyzed.
RESULTS:
202 patients with influenza A-associated severe pneumonia were enrolled, of whom 84 (41.6%) had died. Male gender (OR = 1.782; 95% CI: 1.089-2.917; P = 0.022), chronic pulmonary disease (OR = 2.581; 95% CI: 1.447-4.603; P = 0.001) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.042; 95% CI: 1.135-3.673; P = 0.017) were risk factors related to influenza A pneumonia severity. In cox proportional hazards model, severe pneumonia patients treated with double dose oseltamivir (300mg/d) had a better survival rate compared to those receiving a single dose (150 mg/d) (HR = 0.475; 95%CI: 0.254-0.887; P = 0.019). However, different doses of peramivir (300 mg/d vs. 600 mg/d) and combination therapy (oseltamivir-peramivir vs. monotherapy) showed no differences in 60-day mortality (P = 0.392 and P = 0.658, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS:
Patients with male gender, chronic pulmonary disease, or diabetes mellitus were at high risk of developing severe pneumonia after influenza A infection. Double dose oseltamivir might be considered in treating influenza A-associated severe pneumonia.
Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
KEYWORDS:
Double dose; Influenza; Oseltamivir; Severe pneumonia
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