Immunohistochemical study on the postnatal growth changes of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and tibial cartilage:

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Original Research

9 (

);

149-155

doi:

10.25259/APOS_70_2019

Immunohistochemical study on the postnatal growth changes of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and tibial cartilage

Tae-Min Yoon¹, Sun-Hyung Park¹, Mi-Jeong Kwon², Kee-Joon Lee¹

1Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea

2Department of Orthodontics, Yonsei Beautiful Smile Dental Clinic, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

*Corresponding author: Kee-Joon Lee, Department of Orthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea. orthojn@yuhs.ac

Published: 2019-09-28,
Accepted: 2019-07-18,

Received: 2019-05-28

Licence

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

How to cite this article: Yoon T, Park S, Kwon M, Lee K. Immunohistochemical study on the postnatal growth changes of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and tibial cartilage. APOS Trends Orthod 2019;9(3):149-55.

Abstract

Introduction:

The synchondrosis contributes to the growth of overall skull. The growth plate of the tibia is an analogous structure to the synchondrosis. The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are known to play an essential role in the proliferation and differentiation of cartilaginous cells.

Methods:

This study was purposed to examine the histological features of spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) and tibial cartilage (TC) and the expression pattern of FGFR-1, -2 and proliferating cell nuclei antigen (PCNA) in SOS and TC of the postnatal mouse using an immunohistochemical method.

Results:

The width of SOS and TC reduced with age. The width of the SOS decreased, and then maintained, while the width of TC decreased gradually. Expression pattern of FGFRs indicated that they were involved in the postnatal bone growth and development. In SOS, FGFR-1 expression increased until the 14^th day, and then, it showed a notable decrease. Comparing the level of expression, TC showed a stronger level than SOS at most stages. FGFR-2 showed in the resting and proliferating zones at an earlier stage of differentiation. With age, FGFR-2 expression reduced in previous zone and increased in the hypertrophic zone at both tissues. In PCNA study, cell proliferation was active in the resting and proliferating zone at an early stage. As mouse matured, the PCNA-positive cells usually expressed in the newly formed endosteal bone surface.

Conclusions:

This approach revealed a temporal and spatial change of FGFR-1, -2 expressions. The expression pattern of PCNA indicated that the chondrocytes of TC had more active metabolism than SOS at most of the stages. We can also speculate that FGFR-1 is a negative regulator of chondrogenesis, and FGFR-2 is a positive regulator of chondrogenesis.

Keywords

Fibroblast growth factor receptor

Cranial base

Synchondrosis

Tibia

Immunohistochemistry

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INTRODUCTION

The bones develop and grow by two processes, endochondral and intramembranous ossification. The bones of the cranial base and tibia form by endochondral ossification. During endochondral ossification, a cartilage template forms first. Then, the cartilage template is vascularized, followed by recruitment of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and then, the cartilage scaffold gradually replaced with bone. In the cranial base, the synchondrosis is the significant sites of growth and has a crucial role in determining the overall skull shape as well as relating each bone to its neighbor.^[1-3] Furthermore, the size of the brain increased rapidly in the early age^[4]. The cranial base protects and supports the brain, and the synchondroses play an important role in integrating the bones composing cranial base during the growth of brain.^[5] Especially, the spheno- occipital synchondrosis (SOS) is important as it remains patent the longest between other synchondroses and provides significant growth in adolescence. In lower legs, the growth plate in the tibia is responsible for the longitudinal growth through an elaborately controlled process.^[6]

Histologically, both of the synchondrosis and growth plate in tibia divide into three zones and, in each zone, the chondrocytes are at different maturation and metabolic stages.^[7-9] At the resting zone, the cells (or chondrocytes or chondrogenic progenitor cells) are relatively in an inactive state; and then, they activate and differentiate to chondrocytes entering into the proliferative phase at the proliferating zone. Then, the chondrocytes begin to increase in size, and they begin to synthesize collagens and form the hypertrophic zone, where at the lower part calcification and mineralization of the extracellular matrix allows.^[10] At their terminal differentiation stage, hypertrophic chondrocytes terminate the life cycle by apoptosis. The calcified zone of hypertrophic cartilage is invaded by blood vessels, bringing in the bone- forming cells (osteoblasts) and resorbing cells (osteoclasts), which will remodel and convert the mineralized cartilage into the trabecular bone.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) consist of a family of at least 22 heparin-binding-related proteins and are major regulators of embryonic bone development.^[11,12] FGFs bind to a family of FGF receptors (FGFRs) with high affinity. Four FGFRs (FGFR-1, -2, -3, and -4) are well known up to recently. The structure of the FGFRs includes (1) an extracellular domain, which consists of three immunoglobulins (Ig)- like domains, (2) a transmembrane domain, and (3) an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain, responsible for receptor dimerization and cell signaling.^[13] The 3^rd Ig loop or the linker region between 2^nd and 3^rd Ig loop in the Ig-like domain is the major mutation site in FGFRs. Kinase activates when the FGF ligand forms a trimolecular complex with FGFR and heparan sulfate proteoglycans.^[14-18] Mutations in FGFR-encoding genes have been identified to cause craniosynostoses such as Apert, Pfeiffer, Jackson–Weiss, and Crouzon syndromes.^[19,20] These FGFRs differ in their ligand specificity^[21] and tissue distribution.^[22,23] For example, in calvaria bones, FGFR-1 is mainly expressed in differentiated osteoblasts, while FGFR- 2 expressed in pre-osteoblasts. The principal function of FGFRs is in cellular behavior, such as cell proliferation and differentiation. The isoforms of the FGFR-1, -2, and -3 have been expressed at a specific area in the developing cranial bones, implicating its key role in the proliferation and differentiation for the cartilage growth.^[24] Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) clarifies the alternation process in cells and can be used as a marker for immunohistochemical analysis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the postnatal developmental progression of the SOS and tibial cartilage (TC). For this purpose, the present study evaluated the histological changes on SOS and TC by age in postnatal mouse and investigated the expression of FGFR-1, -2, and PCNA which are used to identify the proliferating pattern of chondrocytes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Tissue preparation

Postnatal ICR mice at 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days of age were used in this study. This study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee, Yonsei Medical Center. The cranial bases and tibias of the mouse were dissected and stored in ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Following overnight fixation at 4°C in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS (pH 7.4), they were decalcified with 8% formic acid for 1 day to 10 days, depending on their age. The decalcified tissues were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Paraffin sections were cut at 6 µm thickness in the mid-sagittal plane, in parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cranial base and tibia by a microtome and mounted on silane-coating slide glasses [Figure 1]. The slide glasses were dried overnight at room temperature.

Figure 1::
Mid-sagittal section of cranial base and tibia. In preparation for immunohistochemical stain, the skin and associated tissues were removed from the cranial base (a) and tibia (b). The line and square stand for the axis of the section. Black arrow indicates the spheno-occipital synchondrosis.

Immunohistochemical staining

Immunohistochemical staining was performed on the dewaxed paraffin section. The midsagittal paraffin sections were deparaffinization and rehydration to facilitate the immunological reaction of antibodies with antigens in fixed tissue. Pretreatment was performed using a pressure cooker for up to 7 min in citrate buffer and then cooled in the room temperature for 15 min. Next, the slides were treated with 0.15 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic solution for 10 min. For enzyme digestion, the slides were placed in 0.2% hyaluronidase (Sigma, ST. Louis, MO, USA) solution at the 37°C container for 20 min. After washing procedures, the slides were transferred into 10% hydrogen peroxide/methanol for 10 min. Blocking solution (Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA) was applied to the specimens for 15 min to reduce non-specific binding. After washing several times, the sections were incubated with rabbit polyclonal primary antibodies against FGFR-1, FGFR-2, and PCNA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) diluted at 1:100, respectively, at 4°C cold room for overnight. After washing several times in PBS, the specimens were treated with a biotinylated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA) for 20 min at room temperature, and then, streptavidin HRP (Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA) was conjugated on the secondary antibodies. The specimens were subsequently treated with diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA) to visualize immunoreaction. And then, they were counterstained with Mayer’s Hematoxylin (Lab Vision, Fremont, CA, USA), dehydrated, and mounted with cover slide.

Histomorphometric analysis

All sections were photographed with a Leica DC 300F digital camera (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany). Image-Pro plus analyzer program (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA) was used for measurement. The width of each zone was measured [Figure 2]. The measurement was done three times, and the mean values were used. The results of the immunohistochemical analysis were rated such as (+) weak intensity, (++) moderate intensity, and (+++) strong intensity.

Figure 2::
Distinct zones of spheno-occipital synchondrosis and tibia cartilage. Sphenooccipital synchondrosis (a) and tibia cartilage (b) can divide into three zones through cell shape. The cell of the resting zone is a round shape; the proliferating zone is a flattened shape; the hypertrophic zone is increased cell size. (photographed at ×400).

RESULTS

The histologic morphology of SOS and TC [Figure 3]

The width of SOS and TC was reduced over time. There was a reduction at all zones, resting, proliferating, and hypertrophic zone. The reduction of width in SOS had happened remarkably between 1^st day and 7^th day, especially at the hypertrophic zone and resting zone. And after 14^th day, there was little change in the width. On the other hand, the width of TC was reduced gradually in every zone with age.

Figure 3::
Width changes at spheno-occipital synchondrosis and tibial cartilage. The width changes in spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) and tibia cartilage (TC). There was a reduction in all zones. In SOS, the width was remarkably reduced at the hypertrophic zone between 7th day and 14th day. The width of TC was reduced smoothly compared to SOS. RZ = Resting zone, PZ = proliferating zone, HZ = Hypertrophic zone (length unit is μm).

Expression pattern of FGFR-1 in SOS and TC [Figure 4]

Figure 4::
Localization of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR)-1 in spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) and tibial cartilage (TC) at postnatal 1st day, 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day. Two images in the center are the sagittal view of cranial base (a) and tibia (b) stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain. The small rectangles in panel indicate the area enlarged SOS and TC. In the SOS (left column), FGFR-1 was localized in all zones, especially in the newly formed endosteal bone surfaces. The FGFR-1-positive cells were reduced in resting and proliferating zones; however, they were increased in the hypertrophic zone and newly formed bone surface with age. In the tibia (right column), localization of FGFR-1 was shown a similar pattern with SOS. However, the level of expression pattern in the TC was stronger than spheno-occipital synchondrosis at an early stage. (SOS: ×400, TC: ×200) +++: intensity of stain is strong, ++: moderate, +: weak.

FGFR-1 was expressed during development of the SOS and TC at all zones.

In SOS, FGFR-1 was localized mostly in the resting and proliferating zones at the 1^st and 7^th day. At 14^th day, FGFR- 1 was localized broadly at all three zones with moderate-to- strong intensity. At 21 days, the FGFR-1 was expressed weak.

In TC, FGFR-1 was strongly localized in all three zones on the 1^st day. From the 14^th day, FGFR-1 was typically expressed in the hypertrophic zone and newly formed endosteal bone surface. At the 21^st day, the localization pattern was similar to the 14^th day pattern.

Expression pattern of FGFR-2 in SOS and TC [Figure 5]

Figure 5::
Localization of FGFR-2 in spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) and tibial cartilage (TC) at postnatal 1st day, 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day. Two images in the center are the sagittal view of the cranial base (a) and tibia (b) stained with HE stain. The small rectangles in panel indicate the area enlarged SOS and TC. In SOS (left column), FGFR-2-positive cells were smoothly reduced in the proliferating zone with age. In TC (right column), localization of FGFR-2 was shown a similar pattern with SOS. However, the level of expression pattern in TC was stronger than SOS at the early stage. (SOS: ×400, TC: ×200) +++: intensity of stain is strong, ++: moderate, +: weak.

FGFR-2 was also presented during the development of SOS and TC in all zones.

In SOS, FGFR-2 was localized mostly in the resting and proliferating zones at the 1^st and 7^th day. From the 14^th day, the FGFR-2 expression pattern was increased at proliferating and hypertrophic zones. At the 21^st day, the intensity was the strongest.

In TC, FGFR-2 was observed in all three zones at the 1^st and ^7th day. From the 14^th day, the expression pattern of FGFR-2 at resting and hypertrophic zones showed moderate-to-strong intensity. At the 21^st day, FGFR-2 was strongly expressed in the proliferating zone.

Expression patterns of PCNA in SOS and TC [Figure 6]

Figure 6::
Localization of proliferating cell nuclei antigen (PCNA) in spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) and tibial cartilage (TC) at postnatal 1st day, 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day. Two images in the center are the sagittal view of the cranial base (a) and tibia (b) stained with HE stain. The small rectangles in panel indicate the area enlarged SOS and TC. In SOS, the expression level was most active at 14 days and least active at 21 days. The PCNA-positive cells were increased in the bone surface with age. In TC, PCNA-positive cells were expressed at all three zones. The level of expression was reduced with age. As mouse matured, most of PCNA-positive cells were expressed in the bone surface. (SOS: ×400, TC: ×200) +++: intensity of stain is strong, ++: moderate, +: weak.

PCNA was presented during the development of the SOS and TC at all zones.

In SOS, PCNA was localized mostly in the resting and proliferating zones at the 1^st and 7^th day. At the 14^th day, PCNA was observed remarkably in all zones, especially in the hypertrophic zone. At the 21^st day, PCNA-positive cells were mostly found in the hypertrophic zone and the endosteal bone surface.

In the TC, PCNA was observed in the resting and proliferation zone at the 1^st day. At the 7^th day, PCNA was observed in proliferating and hypertrophic zone. From 14^th day, the level of PCNA expressed in the hypertrophic zone and newly formed endosteal bone surface. At 21^st day, PCNA was rarely observed.

DISCUSSION

The importance of the cranial base and tibia in the development

During the fetal period, ossification centers are formed in the cranial base synchondrosis and TC. In the postnatal period, endochondral ossification of the synchondrosis and TC contributes to the expansion of the ossification centers and growth of the cranial base and tibia. By analyzing the time course of normal growth and development of the endochondral cranial base comparing with a tibia of a mouse, the function of the cranial base and tibia growth in terms of endochondral ossification during the postnatal period was identified. There are few papers compared the development and growth of cranial base with TC during the postnatal period. In that respect, this experiment can be meaningful to identify the growth of the cranial base and TC during the postnatal period.

Involvement of the FGFR-1 and -2 in the endochondral ossification of the SOS and TC

In the endochondral bone formation, FGFR-1, -2 isoforms are all present during its development. It has been known that there are two major splicing isoforms in the FGFRs, namely b-form and c-form. Previous studies showed that Fgfr2c transcripts were detected in the resting and proliferating zone of chondrocytes as well as osteoblasts in the newly formed endosteal bone surface of the cranial base synchondrosis.^[24,25] Our data also show a similar pattern to previous studies that FGFR-1, -2 may be involved in the growth of cranial base and TC growth during the postnatal period. From the comparison with preview studies, it can be speculated that the FGFRs observed in the present study are linked to being the c-isoform.

In immunohistochemical staining, localization of FGFR-1 was mainly seen in the resting and proliferating zones at an early stage in SOS and all zones in TC. At a later stage, the FGFR-1 was upregulated at a hypertrophy zone.

In SOS, there seems to be a connection between the FGFR-1 and the width of zones. After 14^th day, the intensity of FGFR- 1 remarkably reduced, and the width was almost maintained. On the other hand, the width had decreased gradually in TC, where the FGFR-1 expression had increased. It can be assumed that brain growth may cause this difference. However, further study is needed to investigate the causative factors.

Localization of FGFR-2 in SOS and TC was seen in the resting and proliferating zone at an early stage. This result overlaps with mRNA localization of FGFR-1 and FGFR - 2 using fetal mice and localization FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 at the postnatal growth plate.^[26,27] These results indicate the possibility that the FGFRs may be involved in the particular stages of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation during growth. Deletion of Fgfr2c or expression of gain-of-function mutations in Fgfr2c in mice results in craniofacial and tibia abnormalities.^[28,29] It was also shown that a dominant mutation that affects alternative splicing in FGFR-2 caused synostosis in mice.^[30] Synchondrosis fusion and developmental deficiency in the basicranium of Fgfr2c null mice imply primary anomalies in the basicranium, simultaneously in the cranial vault. Loss-of-function mutations in FGFRs are not well known. Embryo lacking FGFR-1 or -2 dies before skeletal development.^[31,32] In another study, expression of FGFR-1 in the hypertrophic chondrocyte suggests a role in the survival of the hypertrophic chondrocyte, in regulating a feedback signal to control the rate of differentiation, in regulating the production of the unique extracellular matrix products of these cells or in signaling their eventual apoptotic death.^[33] In our study, the FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 were predominantly expressed both in the cartilage phase and in the new bone phase. These findings imply that the FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 may be involved in endochondral ossification and osteogenesis in the chondrogenesis phase, especially in the hypertrophy zone by activation of cell proliferation and differentiation. We can suggest that FGFR-1 expressed in the hypertrophy zone is thought to a negative regulator of chondrogenesis and controls the differentiation of the hypertrophy cells in the cartilage. Furthermore, we can expect that FGFR-2 expressed in the resting and proliferating zone is a positive regulator of chondrogenesis and control the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in the process of chondrogenesis.

Localization of the PCNA in SOS and TC during the development

In the endochondral bone formation, PCNA is all present during its development. Previous studies showed that PCNA- positive chondrocytes were found in all growth plates and all three zones, mostly in the lower proliferating and upper hypertrophic zones.^[34] Our results were similar to previous findings. The PCNA-positive chondrocytes level was downregulated with age. In TC, the intensity was smoothly reduced with age. However, in the newly formed endosteal bone surface, the PCNA expression level was increased. Cell proliferation of TC was more active than SOS at the early stage, but at the later stage, the pattern was the opposite.

CONCLUSIONS

The purpose of this study was to investigate the postnatal developmental progression of the cranial base and tibia. Concerning the expression pattern of FGFR-1, -2 in the cranial base and tibia development, this study had shown that FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 were predominantly expressed both in the cartilage phase and in the bone phase. These findings imply that FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 may be involved in endochondral ossification and osteogenesis as well as chondrogenesis. Moreover, we can assume FGFR- 1 and FGFR-2 can control the cartilage through the cell proliferation of differentiation. FGFR-1 expressed in the hypertrophy zone is thought to be a negative regulator of chondrogenesis and control the differentiation of the hypertrophy cells in the cartilage. FGFR-2 expressed in the resting and proliferating zone is considered to be the positive regulators of chondrogenesis and control the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in the process of chondrogenesis. In general, TC was sustained for a long time compared to SOS. With observing the localization of PCNA, we can suggest that the process of proliferation and differentiation in the TC is more active than SOS during early development.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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